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Doc., <4 > KNIGHT COMMANDER OF THE ORDER OF LEOPOLD OF BELGIUM ; $ k NIGHT COMMANDER OF THE 1ST CLASS OF THE ORDER OF ALBERT OF SAXONY ; > CHEVALIER OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER OF MEDJIDIE OF TURKEY ; KNIGHT OF THE SIAMESE ORDER OF BUSABA-MALA ; j KNIGHT OF THE GURKHA ORDER OF SARASWATI, SANGITA NAYAKA AND SANGITA SAGARA OF NEPAUL ; < FOUNDER AND PRESIDENT OF THE BENGAL MUSIC SCHOOL ; HONORARY MAGISTRATE, JUSTICE OF THE PEACE AND FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA; ;! MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, AND FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LITERATURE, GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SWEDISH MUSICAL ACADEMY, STOCKHOLM ; OFFICIER DE L’lNSTRUCTION PUBLIQUE AND OFFICIER D\ACADEMIE, PARIS ) ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, LETTERS AND FINE ARTS OF BELGIUM ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE MUSICAL SOCIETY OF AMSTERDAM ; FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE ROYAL PHILOLOGICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL INSTITUTION OF NETHERLANDS INDIA AT THE HAGUE ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA ; SOCIO ONORARIO OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF ST. CECILIA, ROME J SOCIO ONORARIO SOCIETA DIDASCALICA ITALIANA ; ACCADEMICO CORRISPONDENTE OF THE ACADEMY OF THE ROYAL MUSICAL INSTITUTE AND ORDINARY MEMBER OF THE ORIENTAL ACADEMY OF FLORENCE ; SOCIO CORRISPONDENTE OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF RAFFAELLO, URBINO, ITALY ; BENEMERITO OF THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF PARMA ; SOCIO CO-OPERATORE OF THE ACADEMY OF PITTAGORICA, NAPLES ; SOCIO ONORARIO OF THE PHILHARMONIC ACADEMY OF BOLOGNA ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ATHENS, GREECE ; SOCIO ONORARIO OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF PALERMO, SICILY ; PATRON OF THE ATHENEUM OF THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF SASSARI, SARDINIA ; AND HONORARY MEMBER OF THE PHILHARMONIC SOCIETY OF MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA; &C., &C., &C. PART I. CALCUTTA: 1879. 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PREFACE, JHIS “ Mani-mala” (Chain of Gems) has been strung on the four-fold thread of English, Bengali, Hindi and Sanskrit languages, with the gems obtained from the precious mines of the Puranas and other classic works of the Hindus. At the end of the description of each class of gcmsjhave been inserted the views of the European authorities thereon as a knot in order to compactness. To the whole has been attached a Pendant forming the supplement, replenished with miscellaneous infor- mation on diverse kinds of gems. S. M. TAGORE. “ ‘ 3 rPr s rt®Tl ” ^<rNPf, tW^tI, fcft 's *r iw aft Ftfir Ftfl ^ttff ^Ttil atf«F® sftntn i <2fc®r^ wsr erwR^r ^^rt?r fr?®l T 5! ttwra ftfw *r® aff^wt ^fw® i ■srNtr® srftl <rfPrei%% ^#1 ’rfTt *rfin?*rtf%® ^r*fj' s rf^w ! t <^tf ’tfafnl ^rtn i 3**t* i fwr i 5f[cf ... ... 'fftNfi ^T*f 'ft^RT SlSSf fftNfiT irrci^r ... JTlftl^T wist wc? ^i«t ... am ... ^Rifsi^T • • • WffcT^T *RI5f ... J?)f<T^ir 3iw fltfcr^T ^iig ... ^ZTT«T ... warin’ 3raI5T anw^jN tnw ara arri^rijraT gaiau^i 33 T«t aft^s^ cjguT ... ^I'^lqil Ji 35 ... o jft’sfFRT 31^ ... ^cI^T^R ... 3^T^T^T?I ... ^faTCT^T SRIR 331*1 ... aftW33T5f ... I 6 \ -«♦*- YST 8 ■c \S^ «L° w* v* 'WC w *V \V* Mi M=i ^<L 8 8^0 8^8 88 o 88 ^ 8 <® 8 ^=* gxro 8^t^3 8 £J( CONTENTS. o»$o Invocation History of SyamantaJca General Remarks on Gems Page 3 9 73 Diamond, page 91—185. Defects of Diamond ... ... Process of Refining a Diamond ... Diamond : Its Properties ... Diamonds — where found Colored Diamond Mode of Cutting — Indian and European Engraving on Diamond Price of Diamond, its Flaws and Defects ; mode Testing Supernatural and Medicinal Properties attributed the Diamond ... Celebrated Diamonds, Kohi-noor... Great Mogul ... Pitt or Regent Diamond Orloff or Amsterdam Diamond Nassuck Diamond Nizam Shah of Persia Pacha of Egypt Mattam Diamond Sancy Diamond Charles the Bold’s Diamond Florentine Brilliant Braganza Pigott Diamond Hope Diamond Eugenie Brilliant Cumberland Diamond Star of the South Polar Star Other large Diamonds 163 165 168 170 171 a ft?* » ■ r. * ii CONTENTS. — | Ruby, page 187 — 250. j Shades and other Qualities of Rubies Page \ 203 ;• Ruby : Its Properties ... » . . 230 Rubies — where found ... • • • 233 Mode of Cutting ... 236 Ruby, as known to the Ancients ... ... 237 8 Engraving on Rubies ... ..... ...... ... 238 Price of the Ruby, its Flaws and Defects ; mode r Testing ! Of 240 1 Marvellous and Medicinal Powers attributed to | Ruby the • •1 243 : ji Celebrated Rubies »•» 245 Oat’s -eye} page 253—270. j Qualities of the' CatVeye ’ ... ... dot 257 > Defects of the Cat’s-eye 259 CatVeye: Its Properties ... • • . 266 Cat’s -eyes — where found • •• 267 Mode of Cutting • • • )) Its price, Flaws'a’nd Defects; mode of Testing • t t 9) Its Marvellous Powers ... ... t t • 269 ;[ Celebrated Cat’s-eyes ... • •• » .Pearl,. page 273 — 352. Properties of Pearls ... ... 311 Defects of Pearls • •• 317 Pearl :• Its Properties • too 326 Original Formation of Pearls t t t 327 Pearls*— where found : Pearl Fisheries ... 1 1 t 331 Mode of* Boring* and Polishing • ... ... 339 j Pearls,- as known -to the Ancients ... 340 Price of . Pearls : Imitations... M* 344 Marvellous and Medicinal Virtues of- the Pearl ... 348 Celebrated Pearls* ... 349 "* Gomeda or Zircon, &c., page 355 — 365. Zircon, Hyacinth or Jacinth : Its Properties 360 Zircon,. &c., — where found ... • . . 361 Mode of Cutting and Polishing ... 362 Zircon, .Jacinth or Hyacinth, as known to the Ancients: Engravings ... 363 Price of the Zircon; its Flaws and Defects; mode of Testing Marvellous Properties attributed to the Zircon )9 \ 365. CONTENTS. Page 378 379 381 382 3S3 Marvellous and Medicinal Powers attributed to Coral 384* Coral, page 367—385. Coral : . Its Properties Corals — where found : Coral Fisheries ... Cutting. and Boring of Coral... Engraving on Corals Coral, as known to the Ancients : Its Uses Price of Coral : Its Imitations Emerald, page 387 — 4*18. Defects of the Emerald Good Properties of the Emerald Shades of the Emerald Emerald: Its Properties Emeralds — where found Emerald., as known to the Anoients ' ... Engravings on Emerald ... ... Cutting of Emerald Price of the Emerald ; its Flaws and Defects : Imita- tions . Marvellous and Medicinal Properties Celebrated Emeralds Topaz, page 421 — 433. Topaz : Its Properties Topazes— where found : Varieties of the Topaz Topaz, as known to the Ancients Cutting and Engraving ... Its price : Imitations Marvellous and Medicinal Properties attributed to the Topaz Celebrated Topazes Sapphire, page 435 — 459. Qualities of the Sapphire ... Defects of the Sapphire Sapphire: Its Properties Sapphires — where found .... . Sapphire, as known to the Ancients Engraving and Cutting Its price, Flaws and Defects : Imitations Marvellous and Medicinal Properties attributed to the Sapphire Celebrated Sapphires 393 395 397 402 404 407 411 412 413 415 417 42G 427 428 430 431 432 441 443 450 451 452 453 ,456 458 CONTENTS. Chrysoberyl, page 461—466. Chrysoberyl : Its Properties Chrysoberyls — where found ... Mode of Cutting Chrysoberyl, as known to the Ancients Its price Garnet, page 469—479 Garnet : Its Properties Its varieties — where found ... ... ##o Cutting and Engraving ... ... Garnet, as known to the Ancients ... ... Its price : Imitations Marvellous and Medicinal Properties Celebrated Garnets ... Ml Carnelian, page 481—487. Carnelian : Its Properties Carnelians — where found Cutting and Engraving Carnelian, as kuown to the Ancients ... Its price Marvellous and Medicinal Virtues attributed to the Carnelian Quartz, page 489—495. Quartz: Its varieties ... ... ### Rock-Crystal, page 497—506. Rock-Crystal : Its Properties : Where found : Cutting and Engraving Rock-Crystal, as known to the Ancients : Its Uses Its price : Imitations ... Marvellous and Medicinal Properties Celebrated Rock-Crystals Page 464 465 >y 99 466 472 > 99 474 476 477 479 >» 482 483 484 485 486 494 502 503 504 505 i fors i t • • *$& « ... ... cd ... ^\D wri fr<re ... ... ... CT"ft *•• wrti'lf^ ... ... ... ... ■srtfiRR ... ... ^ov3 ... fcrjkR '^'i ... ... 0 • • W fcflpTR CTfa III ... 3^1 '<3 4 l ... III csrfr ... ... III v><\ CSttOPT • • • ... ... we fWf • . • ... v3b^ UtRC'iR Cffa • • • 0.0 • I • SR^R^ 'Q«| ... W><£ WF^tTl ... ... . • • •ffaw ... ... 8^ ... 8W ^SRtRR 'Q 4 ! ... Ml 88^ Offt ... ... 8 8^0 ^Fc^H ... 8^* *2ff^ ... ... Ml 8^ ^tKt ... 8V^ • . • 8V«> • • • III • t • 8^ i s < | . ^s. ^ rlFWtw f%TT^^f%: ^ ^PJJTHraT *?T I sftWT^* ^T«TT 3f*T t%«J<?t <Tt 3% ^T”ff IfWT ^^T^rTfFfli ^ ^Tfa B ^ft ^rrar §, st^tt* f%w 5T%H «ftfT ?STfl T'fW %\ f%wt l *n;?r ^f?i ^n^r f , «ft sfw<jr^3< srw < C\ 7 N \J i ^itf?r %, fsr^ f*TC* ^*1% W5T pR ww, fa^nfiT ^Sff ^ *I*5rT*T T, ^ faTOB \ *flWT% ^TJT*T ?R*ft ^ uft^TT %, W* 3T^ TNri; TigUpft ^T’JT < *TJIT fY | MANI-MALA, OR $. 2Fi[tali8^ <rtt <$^ms. The Invocation. to the goddess who chases away the dark- of ignorance ! Her, who is ceaselessly ador- ed by the Holy Triad, whose form is gentleness, who dwells constantly in the lotus forest, whose lustre resembles that of the moon, whose person is decked all over with milk-white ornaments, whose hand sometimes holds the hard handle of the Vmd, at others, the neat volume, whose favor reclaims people from ignorance and brings about their good, —hail to the word-presiding goddess, Saraswati ! ****** wtwm WFft fWt WTC, f^§3 'S *^#[1 ^ ^fwl Tt 7 ! <RI<R, WX* C$\*> W-<H(/*1 ^1*1 41^*1 fMl- Jrtwcfa vrM ^ wM farfa <r^, (?rt ^ 7 twf)c l 'T?]C<f> II 1 c\ 5nf?r tpfrgiraj * B frwf^Rt I *r<tffat ^Tfa ^WTftfsr craw: n ^ il fnrfl q pi wm 'i S^WfTJifa^mTPTT? ^^^fTT: ^t«RT‘ I ^ftr^^’swfaw g-ttrTFTT^- ii 3 n Sfi^rPT ^fw*3mfarrr 7TWT ^fffZqR 1 f^*rftrg *raTff^s <Tsrf : B 8 I fR5WT I ^ vM qft^rr ^^5 ^ fw^f ^x w sfN 'ste, ^ wpfi *rta * 1 \ | ^ ^%5T T& fr*TOPC ^l^if 5fT^T1T^T^% ^tRiT f^T^T l> ^ TW •TT^TT - ’ ^TOff %W I ; W?T^ TW<5T ?fWT^ W* v5 ^ WTf^ f%¥T «ITWT t I ^ I srtcr 1 *u 3T? ^ ^'t ^ f^Tj *fti, 5RTW3\i *TT^T, ^PT *TT €t^T, ^fspiT, 'ftWTT^r, ^ft^, fjnr?T, ^fz^, *sftx xm$ ’wfa t, srcrjshi ^ tjwt^ 3iT?r 1 1 ^ 1 8 1 A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 1. Of the various kinds of gems, those Only that, on examination, turn out to be sterling, should be treasured up. 2. As a pure jewel is a source of manifold bless- ing to man, so a flawy one is the cause of diverse troubles. I shall therefore expose the real proper- ties of precious stones. 3 — 4. According to authorities in the science of precious stones, the following classification well nigh exhausts the more important ones : diamond, pearl, zircon, ruby, emerald, sapphire, cat’s eye, topaz, cymophane, garnet, spinel or balas ruby, quartz and coral. i 'q crfa wpgjrft- cwt ^rl II ^ II <Ta CWT cwWfw w® w $- 1 Wt«f wttft Wl II II ftw, ^1, c^riwr, itW, >51^51, •TPI^I, ^3 *t«Ti snrcw wi, ^1% OR II « II 8 II ’snsrffp^ TTW# ^q^tq rTcT^i^f qftWT ^ t qq&W TeTf^tfllt q ’T^TeTHT D "i II f»q TR WTTWT^ qifq qTqfihqfq I ^tqqfpqq^qr ^wqwr^r i f o q^wT qf^frqf Twr^t i qrqw qq-Tf qifq qn4: ftrainifhrraT it \a n ■anr^n^r: $ qqrqifq tnftarait I q X& ^^T^T^pi' tITT: qftqrfqrqi: II c; g qC3WT nrqn^ft-q%?r qfqir qf, n, qqq qU qqT, q^qrciq qrfar q>qq qT^ qq?s fqqq i <* I qft tw $f^q qfc f qiqq qq^T Ttm t, qH; tm qV* ffq^ ftq 1 1 ^ i wr TT^T qqq q^q€t qqqqT qTq %, ^q€t qfqq t - , qf%q q^^T qiqq gqq q> fq^xq 1*tq, qq^^r qqf qfc qTW qi^t I \3 I «rt q-friq Tenn^rq fqg-q> q4^T qwqrr sqq^rc qqq a, fqq Twq»T qqT qfqq % qq% fqirq ^Tq v qqiq» q?K *<qw^qq qftqqi v, q^ €iq TwqT^t% I ^ l 5. The worth of gems is ascertained by persons skilled in the knowledge of them, after examination of their figure, color, flawlessness or otherwise, and the effects deducible therefrom. 6. Stones originating on inauspicious days and at unlucky moments are not only void of any bene- ficial quality, but are positively harmful. 7. Those princes that are desirous of securing good fortune, should procure and wear jewels of spotless chastity. 8. Only such persons as have mastered the knowledge of gems, use them habitually, can judge their value with precision, and are skilled in the lapidary art, should be reckoned as connoisseurs of precious stones. H '3H, OTfa 151 TflRTR II <t II d w ortrtfe 11 * 11 (71 MM\ <R7R, <F^T> rest wqr (Ti^fw fm\ crt^f ^d, d% '©fwt ti «rfa*i inn <71 W *I#Tl ^TFk C¥t*f \«1f Wl 'Sit-'®, ‘fM'fa *flTiR II * II I TSfpri 5 rsir^Tf»i^rf%i rfn insftam’ *T ^5 i tfv. ’srcfawifqm: faw I <m ^ * *^t- f^Trf^T ^TT^TVTlf^i: ^^TT I £ I q^T g ^ ^Tfqraw^ I i ^qrs- *r*W? qtq sft% ^ ^ °\ st qfijfqq^qwq^qV rr^^T^TUffr qrRqrq ^ f%f%^Tqm fqqrqgqqr^qTfa I %• I T(#l% ^!I^% TTHTW ^r^^fNt% ^ * 11 ? ’fra hsrih ^r%*m 3 *? snrftfl'^r^fT^ w*f *ft*r f%*nr t I CTT 5 WT I ^fw^sRi in?qrr ftsr* fr I q^t q<T «tt*t ^wif%<r, wt^qn srro qqq- I wtstt-* WT^STcI^ q??T faw ij" I £. I Ov qq« *j*ri ^wtf^rw fq^TT q$? qsq *r|:r€t ^tttw TOi- ih qqif^^r Ttq<T ^rqiqiT ^fhr TO i, ^T ^qq> RT" 3 T ^T% I *RT- f^TfT^ ^rqqft *W qt=fT, ‘^7R?I ! *r ^rrqqrt fw^riTf ^ ^rnr^ fq^i twm af', ^iq -WTIK '? , qq*ft V ^Tq«fit ^ <rr?% ^ I qnqqi qfqiqiT qfri fq^j ^ qf% qwT r % * \ A TREATISE ON GEMS. In order to illustrate the influence which gems exercise over the destinies of individuals, I shall narrate the history of the classic gem, SyamantaJca. Translation. The History of SyamantaJca. ' 9. Nighna, the son of Anamitra, had two sons, Satrajita and his younger brother Prasena. A great intimacy is said to have subsisted between Satrajita and the divine sun. 10. Once Satrdjita took up his abode in the sea- coast for the purpose of spending his time in wor- shipping the sun. After he had prayed long and intently, the * king of day’ appeared before him. Satrajita, not perceiving the god distinctly, said, — “ Lord, why, notwithstanding your personal appear- ance before me, do I see in you the same globe of fire that crests the welkin ? I see no signs of your favor.” st'stc? Nhretft'lir Rtar, ssfcfe I ftc**^^ 5Tft RtR £t(7W I >J<!KW<1 RRt- fesl *f?R fm I S> I *49 r^ir rr , ?1r r%ii rtrir ^RtRRl tor i <4TterftEe tor® fwRR Rftfe ^crr i RRiftr^ fwtroR rr 7 *r£- TOl c? fTO *1 R%RR, ! Rtft TOh wr Wr^tf (7i £7Ff?r c* Rtw RtRft * rrjir *^srtc^r, fTO Wftt RtRRftTF (TfftlTsft I OT- ^©t* CTO OfNTT® Rl n° I B ) l 10 IT*W I C\ ■*- (wrqm) fqq^wifqnq ^q^- STT^TT qfcqqrTlIj q^RT **W- I fTrT^’nm^rtW"!- »< iq^TfqWqqqqTf^q^T^rT I ^frnrfw- qqifqqqR srcwwrftsfwr ^wtf fH I ^ ^ rltw 9TfnTTrr^r^?I I q qifq W fffi ^ar fqqfq qj* fiwR’fK^T i i\ I qq-rfqmtsfq qqqqfoTrrqqTqqn^qqT ^4 ^q «\ c q^fqTtqf^qRqiq|^qiqqq ?TTq»t fq^ar i I cR5fWT I qwTfqR% t® aro** qrwqir qqitq^ 1 qqq vr%9r ^q^^RR qfa qfRqfT V9 f^ I qqqf qqifqqqr qqjt^T qqrq fq«qr i ?it^ 4 qqqq sfrgj "TT^t 4fa qwq, wtzT 5B^, qfq qhft fq^Rq^ ’qqfa^ qt^T ’fan 4H q^R Tt^T fqqi sRT I qr^ qq* qqjfqrqq qwiq qs^% ^fq fli^T, qq qqreq^ q^T, % qqifqq ! gq v qq ^jqq ^3&Tq4qi qq qfq> I qWTfqqq qqi^qqY q¥ qR sftqqiq qq^ qfrPR^ ^t^T I ^TT- «i fqq*#t qq qfnr t:qq ^rqq ^Rqft qqq fqRT iui qqifqrq qq $qtqq qf^wr ^rqq q%q qqqq^ qq-n* qqiq qq^ 'rtiT ’qqq q*nfi\ °\ ■qm qtq qqnq q>qq s?q qqqn qqffq ^Tf%q l I Translation. 11. On being thus accosted, the divine sun took out the gem Syamcmtaka from his neck, and laid it out. Satrajita could now see his real form. His com- plexion was reddish like copper, and lustrous ; his body was under the middle stature ; his eyes were slightly tawny. After Satrajita had worshipped him duly, the divinity said, — “Satrajita, do you ask for some recompense for your merit.” Satrajita there- upon asked for the gem. The sun accordingly gave it him and went away. 12. On wearing the jewel over his neck, he ap- peared refulgent like the sun, and entered Dvaraka. i \stTRI (TTfft'S, '“iff! 5R5. I RtstfspS RSTtfff <Ff?R7T ^RTR, Refers ! | RlRtl f^Rn? RfWw R3 <2ft*fcrl ^ I *Rf- ■ | OTETO ^ «fr«l ?F%I (7ft rT*RW | (7R I RSORtS (7ft £RrR ^%l 4'f<R7R I » I Wife C*it RSRf ^#rMR wr wtwR^ffos <£tc^*r ^fRktr i m Cv ^ 3RW ^TTtR' ^fWRR<TTW*TTiR TTT^TT^q- ^lIXW M?PR ! ^nRJrR^T ^*T ^SfTRT- f2Tlf^: I W ^J- ^ rTRR *T*RT5T ^T*RTf^: I WWTfw<ftR*TT%^TT ^RR 3 iH 5 r ’fRRf"! f%^- ^ftqraifir I rT^R f^cEir: tRR lOTif w. \\%[ * ^ ?r ^prfir^Twf^w^ ^ \\x l : wf?rf^fll awfironFroret wto ^r^rf% K ^ I ' i *i ^ *i \ cRRUT I ^R*Tt ^RTfarP^t ^R ¥#ii ^TKi R‘T' 3 J cfiT^NR ^T^IT *RTEJ»*:tt ^RTfc £ 3 J N > S^ftrRif *TR WT?fR TRR cR^ cftw, *R*Rj ^TPHR t^RRT^ WR % | ^?R!J TO WIrf ^ 5 TSfi?; ^RR <*fR fro^t ^£r irara ^r_w vt» to ^nsbr ^f% t, to TTWT TOTfWTT t‘ I ^R ^57^ ^TOR^r «n^ TOT*froiV torr ^rot wi f^RT %, ir- 1%% g^r Rfcn fa*R ^r> 1 t* I TOTS* ^TOR ^ TO^lfas^ RR 7 R | %% I TOTf^cR TO^ ^R5rRRR TORfasfit RTO 1 I *RRR ^Wl I ^8 I toI *rfTO<r rt rr *tr ^rtwT tm I VU * | A TREATISE ON GEMS, 13 Translation, 13. When the inhabitants saw him coming, they hastened to that Incarnation of the Deity and Bearer of our sins — Krishna, and, bowing them- selves down before him, said, — “ Lord ! the divine sun is coming hither to see you.” On hearing this, Krishna replied, with a smile, “ He whom you take for the sun, is king Satrajita. He is com- ing hither, decked in the great gem obtained by him from the sun. You may therefore see him without fear.” Thus enlightened, they went their way. Id. Satrdjita kept SyamantaJca in his palace. 15. This matchless gem every day produced eight loads* of gold. 'sfrol c^twi fRftR ^ral itsri wffw I ^wk-q 5 Rt s rf^l CstSRTl RR C*f«t I <*rt vat^rl ii >® ii wtfws (7ft ft wi I ^8 i til Rtl> <£t*TC I * Sanskrita, vara=20 Tola3 = 2,000 Palas of gold. — Williams . 14 jRfjffjrrar i I C\ fTrnr^T^ig TT£^ ^q^T? ^T^fg- ^T ^^f<T I *<| l f%q-5T- *r?iftsfq * «r?rc i I ?TI^?T«T Vj "*• «\ prr^ ?^?r* ^Tpri^j \* \ *\ cPTSWT I ^jqsfiqwfmqi q*TX^ qxfw ^T qq?n, qfq, ^rm,^ w «TX SIT 'H' ^3*[ 5T¥TTrr^t TT^T <3Tii^ qrx^qi *m*FqTC «t ^ffiT^rx^t Tt^^ ^Trf^ wrs;% *rq% qxq^ qrfw rri^riii ^ f%^T I V9 I ^*rfnr q*: qx^eft €t*r q^T t, f, % qt# ’f ^tt qiq qrw qi^ii I ^ qqifwrR ^fqq- wqqrt q=? qf% t f^T \%^\ A TREATISE ON GEMS. 15 Translation. 1 16. Through its magical influence, the kingdom became free from draught, serpents, conflagration, thieves and famines. 17. The gem having been deemed worthy of j Ugrasena in the opinion of Krishna, he was an- xious to have it, but the fear of family feud res- trained him from taking possession of it by force. | 18. “ I understand that Krishna covets this jewel.” Lest he asked for it of him, Satrajita transferred it to his brother, Prasena. | ^%i vst^i ! c*R=m vu 51% < 2 tf% ftw sffinrtd, TO \at^i wfa *ftC$ ^1 <2Tt#l TO5T, <4^ nfrwraT i C\ " ^f^r*TT fk^Twsfa^qhriqif^ «r xrq ^Tx:xrf?r rwq- ’t^fftfcr i ^x- ®rfq "qxN: qp^TW«TT^TTirrcoqT ^^j- ?u7=5^fjJ tpt ’ q fcr¥T?t w^ttx i ?r^o5x f%Vtra*^fa?;q*r^iTif ipG^g*: qj^Tfv?- xrffRT ^T^flT ?^rt ^TfarT^ I 7T5Jxfnr- x;?r*n^rc ^fq<jr ufaf ir xrrT^^Txr ^ qf^qxrqrcteTj ^£. I cTOWT I xrf^ ^txRT WX^¥ ^ Tffw XTfWT q?ft, >w fwxr^XT fq^q- ^T-STXfiT xfiRW ’sfaft I fqixft *rqq^ qxjq qft qfrr ’qqq 7T%H- q’fTqiT firarc q*w 7T% i I <TTW ’Tt xr^ ’affc *v v wtf % ’ttx:t» qffx: ^xet ^fm^t ^x; ; <3xft qqqq ^n^rqiqi xi^t qn^q^ir ^xxcft xTRqix: ^ ^ f%3n> ^ftx; ^q^ qx;$ 'qqrT xtxtt i ^ xtit^t^ ^qq f%q f mii fa*T I %L I A TREATISE OK GEMS. 17 Translation, 19. When worn by a clean man, it produces gold, but to an unclean person it indubitably proves fatal. On one occasion, Prasena, decked in this gem, rode a-hunting into the forest. There a lion slew both the horse and the horseman, and was about to depart holding the gem in his mouth, when Jambaban, king of bears, slew him in turn, took the spoil home to his cell and gave it to his son as a gewgaw. ^fed *rftd tow (to tore to, tote toto *rfto tod tow to ^stto to ftor i cto to to ftoto toto toil Rtotod tow to tor i tow to*i- Rt<R ($& fto tow '3 #tto tow ftod tod to Rtorfd tod^to^TOtowtos ^W Wtfdtos WttotR, toftW (to W to?re <TO tod fto TOiRto 'TO*! tot«T <4R° ^^toWRtTR 'R'tel'SfW to^Rtef <2drtR to«T I I I c\ " ^ q%q TJ^q qiWt qfq^qfq- qfaqqTq q q jtth^tw *q£qq^ qw qi*?q qtq^t q 55ifr T<qfeq qq qpftqu qq^K ^nrf^tqf qjqqq^ i ^ °\ fwf^rr^V^Ttf^T^^TlTSfl^ q^tsqqftqT?;: qqqrsqq^qfagqqT*: q^l qr^qqq q^q fq'fq fqiq | qrfeqqiqq^Hq fq^q^^qqjqqftirfir: fqq- q^qgwrel^i fTCSTOT I qteq* qqrqT wq qqq fq«?;qi*; qfV qnqr> qq qq qfqVt ’qrqqq qsiqT qrq€t qrqq qq, % q^qg* ^riqwfur% qjq? r ’srqfq t^t qqqq fa- ■sft I q^ qq qTH qfq • ts *fipra -qq qfrqi- qi qq*fi^ qTOT^q q^qqft qRq^ qfa fqqT t ; ’sfU fqiqtq qqq*fi\ qi’CT qf% I I =qlqpqpi t^, qiqqft qfqifteffqft irqT qqjqifT qiT% q^q$ qtirql qjqtl fq^ ^Xt\X qqq qqq* ^WT, % qqq qfqq q^ftq qm a?qT *Tf{tWK qiTT I I ^qpqjq ^qq qiwt qtqrwt qqq% ^qq> qrfkqit qffc q^\% fqqnq^V t^Tqrc ’qqqi q^rir ^x f%qT i qT^ qqq> q^q? q^rti fqqTqqi ^mx qqqT fqjqT I x.\ i A TREATISE ON GEMS. ®f£*. - ^T^l'pf I ^Tt’tsR^teT ^%3FtS W <£ft7TC <£Fsp- *R?^C*R 5 Tl, Wnrfaffo ^5°% <l«Tfaf% Wtf^T CT, ^5r^<I £rf% fitw ^ffot%*ra, fas ^1 erra ^ srfa, ^rwfast?r farW ^fwl srfej ( 5 t^«i <t>RdtH7b cffi ^jfa 5 farM to ^ iv i (ii^ fsmrf^to am ^fari ^1 tstcrora ^pitRi *2fc^*t ^fad c*t1%*r, <2Ktr ^rfb® %vs ^ii ijfar© *tfa\® «r%fts=i i S’PlfwWft efcTORT 'S f*TOT Of*tfa?rl ^fbTR, 1%®^ *rtf*tC*R I ^ I Translation. 20. When the Jadavas saw that the hour for Prasena’s return had gone by, they concluded that, without doubt, Krishna had murdered him and ap- propriated the gem, he having been before known to covet^it. 21. When intelligence of this false accusation came to the knowledge of Krishna, he assembled the J adu host, and entering the forest by tracing the hoof-marks of Prasena’s horse, discovered the dead body of Prase na and his steed. By showing the prints of the lion’s paws, he exculpated himself from the blame laid at his doors ; and then began to search for the lion guided by the paw-marks. qqq i <\ - qr^fqfqq fqTqizpq qfqqiq ?st <t<t^ qqq- ®V, 0 ( ^ qVKqrew^iTfq qTpqgqq\ i firfaiz q qq«qqq qwqqq^Tiq qgq^TqqT^ qj^fqq qfqqir I qrj- vfam mwiT: \\\\ f%f^: qqqqqq'fq f^TTt qrrepror qq: i srfwrcsfi qT xtfNrg ^q ^prenn n ^ 11 tTTMflT I q#% fq^Tqq fW 3TT3K % itaft fW qT^qq; qTqir qTq^ ^rqfaqr \5 fq^T t I «TT^ qq% ^ ^jqsqqqfwqt 5I^(T ^qq qwiqrc qT^qq q^i fqsnqq qqqre qqqr ^q >» >j i xx ^T^qq qq> qT^T^q qftqq^ qrqtqqq qq %irnft wqq qrqqq qT^riq fqqTqq ^rqqrc w gqrqq q#w I gw whft x* ^Tq^ qitqft qt% fqi s?q ir^qq ihnqqft qnw ipit i ^ I qf qirqi ! gq ft qq, qq? ^Kq qqqqft qn:q<q qt qfo f%qT stt, finq qjq qrqqqi ttw qq v q*# XJX^X qq s qfqqt WT g%r f^qT % ; qq qfw qfq ™rfhft 1 1 ^ i A TREATISE ON GEMS, 21 Translation, 22. After proceeding some way, he lighted upon the carcass of the lion. Having regard to the rarity of such a gem as syamantaka , he then proceeded to search for the bear in the direction pointed out by the traces of his paws. After having advanced awhile, he stationed his army in a valley ; and him- self entered the den of the bear. When he had advanced only half way, he heard the following soothing-speech addressed to Sukumara by his nurse : — 23. “ Hush, child ! Don’t you know that the gem of which the prince of bears, your father, forcibly possessed himself by slaying the lion, lias been given to you, and that now it is your own ? ” i to (7i^ wutt 4m to i ^ *13 <43 ? tTO ^%l 4m 4m froTOT <2fC3*i i %c?nr <ro*f i ^ i c<rrwH ^f?re srl, fro totof ^f<rai (7i to, cTOtu fTO «PF3tW (7ft f7°TO farW ^%1 (7ft #i ^rtw ^%1 cTOUtf %TO> 3if s i<rw cTOlirf i ^ i i 22 nfrwF-rc r C\ "* f’TTT^- % Ttwtfa^jrfsq^ram ^8 I ^Tf^ ^TTtf?T 2(T^¥TT I ^ I ^ *im?nrar' Tim *wta ^fftl^ir^^fsr-ar^if^iiT^H^fr l ^T?f irim^t ^?f(cS ^fnr^T *?T^f *n*r*T ij^m TR* famj | ^WT, ^ ^fTTSfRi ir^i w%% f%s t, ik* Twpnrpr % l ^ 8 i ^Tf^ tWT % fw^nrt srf* cfitft tWT WT, Wfl ^ Tlfw^t t^ITT I, w^T^fT, *mmrr tT*t wf[ i ^ i ^T^^TtT ^if^T £ ^T ¥ft TT^T sfftoTTJT f>5RT; ^¥ v ^TTT^ M ; 'sfc =5^*5% tiw ^T3?wTf5niT«rwnrTsr g^TrpTrnm^i cfOWI I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 23 Translation. 24. On learning tliis, Krishna came forward, and found syamantaka lying in the hand of the nurse and illumining the spot. 25. When the eyes of the nurse fell upon a per- son whom she had never seen before, and who eyed eagerly the prize in her hand, she cried out, “ help, help ! 0. 26. Alarmed by her cries, Jambaban immediately appeared on the spot, filled with wrath, and entered into a fierce combat with Krishna. Thislasted for twenty-one days. I ■1)^3 wt'S ^1 tfacsR, CWRcvR, < 7 \\ ftfsFs C^f ^tPTtfW I ^8 i wl f*, wl w, fkTft i i afac* CJFtw ^1 Ttw ^!Tt^ ?\f^5 i <7rt ^ fat i nftmrei i 1 24 *T^FT| O. ** ^ ^ f^TTfa rlf^Tfjrl- f^tSf^^rJTT^flTTTt TT^J ^W^rTT- qfsft f^TTfa cSlinft ^(ftfrl UfTT^^^Tgr Tiw^RfiT ^ti: Tm I ^ i TITT^^T^ 7I7nRT^Vf%7I^f^r^qT7lf^^x^g'TTT HTUTt I i?\9 I s) ' fftelf^TT TOVTOTfeTOff I I C\ X cf^^I | ^ T'STC ^^g‘T=fit %5IT^ F?T*T *fTm ^ % T^rfrfWT^^ ^ttw ^riz fi^r?rqf ^tzt ; twr, % ^V^j^ir ^Trr ^yz f^nwft fw;m* 7Tf% 7R ^jftJTR ?rwsft*r f%qr, ^ *ns;*: ^TTT TTTW wt^ f^3T ; ^ TT* *T Tff Ttfa ; TT'ft ^*T- wtim* toh3 $sk ^fjmx ^ wra ti TTTW.^S.f^TT % I ^ I *TTT^^ ^ WTrT ^qiff f^RI- q»^w *raf* *i7«w I ^ I =5T|fT% ^ qifiT %?T f%sr I ^ qif>r qpfiT srerqiT ^^qiT^qT^T anrr i l A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. When the Jadu army found that he did not return after a week had passed they concluded him dead ; for had he lived, (thought they) he would certainly have returned by this time. Under this convic - tion, they returned to Dwaraka, and gave out that Krishna had given up the ghost. 27. On receiving this tidings, the friends of Krishna performed his funeral ceremonies. 28. The various articles of food offered to his manes contributed but to impart a fresh accession of strength, while engaged in the combat. i wU® *rti> faro <2f®rt^® srl, ct, wfrt ^ *IWI wtf^F® <FflF® ;ri i ^ <Rtl <n>t%il fw ct, £ft 4 i nfwmt i ^ i W ^fwl \5«r ¥tWt1W C^Wt^T 1 ^ 1 ^f% ten wft R^rt<rl ^ «ajt- *(t*R i i 7TCOT I 0\ " W m ^wfVr^^T^^Tf?Tf?r-^ TTT^TT- qK^qifwqqq^T f^TT^T^TT^T W^Tflfa: I fqfiqq^ ‘ v> \i f|fq7;xq%tqqqr^q ifW qrw. ^B^rfTqfinfNT^T- q^q^TqqqwfN fq^Trqters^fflfq: fq» ^T^rftrt- qRTqW^l ^"T^TTraW qur^lt^q VT^I^rTT qfqqoqfqr^qn I ^ I tirami ! 1 r ' ^ ^N: qqqrqqrqiq q^ qm v) qn;^ mqiq qqq ^ Tt«TT^ & wi3orq3fr qq- ^ O) <\ s3 ^q qtqrc farc q^T i ^i^q ^wf q^i- f^TrT f%^T I 'STimnT T^r rTTf^ 1 qTCqTC si ^ q^iq q?wqtqT,qqqq! firq^qqq qq q^ qffa 71^4 qqqqq qr^qrqqqqif Ttq«q qjq^qiTqqft q*T«rqqiq qfqq^, qq ^ft%qqqqji qiqqTqiq qqqr-qriqifq firar ^ qtfq-qrgqrft qq q q qnq^t f ttf, qq qw^ wrqq qfq ^tt qqn i qqqt qq qqtq ^t %, i wr qq qqqqq qqqrq qrpnq qqRT qq qq^ qTTiqwqf qnrii ^iq ’qqqyq % I w A TREATISE ON GEMS. 27 I Translation. 29. Wliat through privation, and what owing to the many and deep wounds inflicted by his powerful adversary, Jambaban at length succumbed. Being thus defeated, he bowed humbly to Krishna, and , said, “Lord! when all the Gods and Asuras,* Ja- | kshasf and GandharvasJ could not defeat thee, what \ is the chance of a weak beast like me, although in < a human form ? On my life, thou partakest of the j nature of that Universal God who is the author I of my life as of all else that breathe.” j • i <<if- ^%rl Ufeu, Ilf ^ flwra i u<rtf^ llf^w f%r, ! w U<TtWTI fff/s fl, wr r, uf- | ftft w$k r < *t?rtw?r ffe, f • ^ i Cft«T ■’T^jrtrr cut : ^rf^rfu ftffUR i ^ i * Adversaries of the Gods. f Demi-gods who are attendants on Kuvera, the God of wealth, and employed on the care of his garden and treasures. — (Williams.) X Celestial musicians who form the orchestra at the banquets of the gods, and who belong to Indra’s heaven. — (ibid.) qqq I , 0 \ "* j »T qRqqqqqf qq«T*; 1^1 Xt ^ TTfwtTr^sf g-^fq ^TPRT^#f qi*r qfsqt / ^TrqqqTljqqf UT^T^T^r 1^1 TTfntqrJT clST q^ I qr^J<it- < sBfmi?nff TOnwrw*ft q^fTOrqTqraftwq qnrre i ^ i CTT3WT | qftaqgq wtw ^xmx q>¥T> i / ^ •* q#f% qt»£% qqrcqqiqTqf ^ ^ru ^rwmx si \ * ^ \ %° \ qrpqqqi wra* - tNtc q^qq* / V3 >i ttw qr*q<T ^ faqr i H 1 qre qruqqqj qqfaq *nqT wq* guriq / N ' V) q q?T^ qteqsnft qq^ q»T% qq% qqqqqq ^^qjr q^i ▼, q»T^:w q^T% qr^q wqqf i^qft ■sttskt- qqNt f^qT 1^1 qrT^qqrq qwiq q»T% i^qqiqi qftoft ^qiqq^t fq?qr I ^rqq % ^uqqq qjqq i wHt f%qr %qi> n^x qqifqqr qqq>T, €faq qrqrc ^q^T q>qflT TTK qnrqqiqTO 3H? qf~W ^1 | q^T 1 ^ I A TREATISE ON OEMS. 29 Translation. 30. At this, Krishna frankly confessed to his in- carnation for hearing the sins of this world. 31. Highly satisfied at this frank avowal, Jam- baban began to shampoo Krishna’s body, with a view to relieving the pain incident to the late combat. 32. Jambaban again reverentially bowed, and, by way of paying suitable respect to Krishna for having condescended to come to his dwelling, bes- towed on him the hand of his daughter, Jambabati. 33. He also presented his divine guest with the gem Syamantaka. Although fully alive to the im- propriety of depriving his friendly host of the jewel, Krishna was obliged to accept it, in order to wipe out the stigma that had attached to his name. I iiif33 ^ ^ (7i, ^ R#t £ f t£| <H1 1 I ^t?rl c?pf r 9 !#® i ^ i <2fTO <#¥l va'fcfa (71, R#^ 9 ! Rt'lt f»(&7 S*|<lt£<F I ^ I wmH f^ £ fR ^%rl #13 <2f?lR <#«T I f#T> C# #1 f#JRTl Blit'S ^ '§r^T 'st'^1 <2f^l I «« I flfrrjqrm I | *159 1 i qqq^Tqqqt^q- ) v * f^znf^glfq ^ WT«r^T- *UW' I ks I qqqrqfa qqiqqqqiiqqTqqqqTqi qwrqqrqqir ; J ‘A | qWTfaqTq ^T fqwfa^farfq^ff qfT*qqq 5 NTqniS'^ fqq^qiqiq I q^Tfarff jftf qqnSTf- ( qqqfaqqrqtfaqfqfq WTqqqqrq: ^qqj i ©\ j 1 qqqq Wht I ^ I q*5WT i \ I q*ri WT? qffaqjr ^TT^qrft qfarf 3*qnq fa* I ^Tq » ^ffaqqqi %* qqqnfqqT^fl' <*rtq$ *f*r s?q, i %t ?JT^Wt t?* rTT^q^T* Tfqq qft* rWT*r qfq#r wt q*$t;q% qrw qrrq* qa?q qrrq^ *rm q*q ^rir i ^ 8 i T*r v qfwi q*q qft qft ^t^t, ^qrqqq qqq sm I qft* qwifaqqfiV q^t qfw q?qq wa: q>qf % WZ I qT^ WT*qq?rt^ :^*q ^qqi f^qi I *rqTf^qq wt ^qfqqCr qr^l 7 ^7TTqiqT, qqj j qqqq q^q qqqfa ’sfa* qjqq^ q?qqiqfa\ 'fqiw q«* f^qt i ^ i A TREATISE ON GEMS, 31 Translation. 34. Then Krishna returned to Dwarakd, with J ambabatl His unexpected return infused such joy into the people, as made even the old young. All the men and women of the Jadu race flocked to Yasudeva and expressed their heart-felt congra- tulations. 35. Krishna now related all that had befallen the gem ; and finally bestowing it on Satrajita, wiped out the * damned spot’ on his fair fame. He then sent Jambabati to the inner apartments. Satrajita now became a prey to fear for having groundlessly blamed Krishna, and married his daughter Satyabhdmd to him, by way of concilia- tion. ^ YtWtl aft wiwit f^mi <27Ft*t I «8 I YtYl (7ft ^ #1 effft fnw W iilfOT <2f% Wfitf ^%t- ^%11 ^BTl W®Wt¥ I $<t I J I C\ SIT^rT: ^ R^RTR*. I fT<T^?rTi^T5iT^^m^T3iT^ tortrtt: ^Tfww f?Rj- w. i wTWrfci?jr^Tsrrg ira^Rpr^: ’sre- vj S\ •* ^T ^WTfsr^t sfaffTfawniT ^T«?f^?ftS^TWWT- ^JT5T *R«rT STON* | ^term* ^Tfrf^rlN w’srcsr’ o^t 5T i •BETfftffl | I trrsrai I ^»TRT% f%^ WWTf^rTI^ ^TWT I ^ ^tjptrtt^rV 'fRTi wt ^ri^ ^Tqf^r ^ r^mt ^rrksr: ^wifwat 3R^*t ?hn: *s% I ^c£T *rk: ^tpr^ 'ara^i** Tt^, % t:w» ^wrf%?i f^mr t i < 5 ^ wwTf^irr% ^vrr*n^t ^RiT^r f%^t, Y»T fijiTjkfit 5T f%^TT, ^sh< ^RffT 3R% ^tliW^t f^3T ; T*pW TPT1T fWTt W«TT* <3Wt ^t<TT W?TT ^T*nf%XR ?Tff I 7f ST ft, ■5TT J <*tr^r «nr *rf"r I ^tr ^tt 5 ^ TpR* 3R*T» <Tt *T*R SR^ f ♦ % fwm (T^rr^ ^ srjt i m A TREATISE ON GEMS. 33 Translation, 36. Akrura, Kritabarma, Satadhanva and other jadavas had before this sought the hand of Satya- bhama. Now seeing that Satrajita gave her away to Krishna, they felt insulted and plotted against the father. Akrura, Kritabarma, &c., said to Sata- dhanva — ■" Lo ! Satrajita is a villain : see, he has given away Satyabhama to Krishna, slighting us. Down with him ! Why do you not slay him and possess yourselves of the matchless jewel held by Mm? If Krishna prove hostile to you, depend upon it, we shall be at your back.” R1R, cn\ ^A>j«RtW fwRR h^irs?(.\s<1 ^TfsRl i wti c ^ wl ^<*1 wRs writes cttR 4 1% brat^tPi <r© ^t«R i rir 's ^Ril, ^ W Rt5Rl ^R fwS w^RtiTF ^t%rt%rR, (?i C^RtiTF V Q RRfRsftTF R^Sel <F%1 f% 5TI ?w wl wR rR1%?r 1%71RR ^R(7F sptfos <Jt*d ^ I nsR (71, (7R f^TH ^%1 (Trt sRRft SR 4 ! *ri, ^f«i(.'® *ttf% *n i *rfw <4 R*ktj (TsRR bra^l ^RTR, Rfafisfl, C«RR RrRt Rf?R I I \ i nfitrupstT i C\ I TTT^- «T^*TT5lt fsrf^riqT’TT^fsfqf WiqT^r ^TP^n^r- frf%«qre fraq^Twre qrcwTqrr >m: i ^ i TOT W <T%^ Tpr^q TT^TTWTr TOTq^r ^qR l fqsqqrqfqqf q qW^r^sr- ®\ ^ TO^qr qiTWTqfr tic^t tohs? *f?ntTf^afiT wwifqri- tott *TO?[farT amnf^i: <ri ^pr- nrqwftrcwTOTf q I qf^wgiq'fiqqT I q^TwN g^r gw Tfrr fwqqTfafq w^to 5 ? i ^ i cfOWT •ar?i^^iif WWTWl' q=? WTfT TprqiT q>q^ fq>TO I SJI^ qtw^q q¥ WT?T ir^ qn^RTO SfTWT- qgqq«T: ^ i gqffqq faw wt qn^ft qwTTTTOqnS wf%qig^ T^q^pr ^Tf woq- ql qt I ^ i ^W*qr% WTi% qTq qqqqnq q^T- faqWt ^ 3?q TOT^T ^rfwqfit WtTTq fw I qqrTOTO «fTqii qTWTq* g:W% Wt^T^ •sto*: qqt qqq wq qqTT 'ft T^q^t qqr'w qf, qffc Mtwqsjq qs'fT* 'fWT^ qrqqt g'grrc tow wqrc qn^ 'ftqi qqq% qqqigrq »tt^t^t» wq wiq qiqw wt qqifqq* Tt, qt Tqqtq 1 k* I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 35 Translation. 37. Satadhanva consented. In the meanwhile, Krishna with a view to confirming Durjyodhana in in the house of lac, went to Baranabata in order to perform their funeral obsequies. 38. Taking advantage of his absence, Sata- dhanva murdered Satrajita while asleep and took possession of Syamantaka. Satyabhama, all grief for the death of her father, immediately went to Baranabata and said to Krishna, “ Satadhanvd has murdered my father and stolen the gem Syamantaka, because he gave away my hand to you ; now, I leave it to you to do the needful.” CefWtfl <Ff%Ttlf sfSR I ^ I Wtt^s TO *13, *feWl ^^Rf 4 i ^PtTO 4 ! tWItht© i&m, ^°s llfw* (71, fTO Tfa ^(tc® eft 4 ! f^TM ^f33l #1 ^fTO 4 ! I <TO 4 1 ^ his belief that the Pandavas had been burnt to death *ttW3l TO 3^3^53, ^ ^TO 4 i c\ " am aaaw: aft^WTanaiaatsfa faaj: aaiaTaT- aatfaiaataa: aia am! aaaiaaiaar aiaaat am ^Tma: afaah ar*r*at?WJ aaaiaatar- mfaat fawr amm I I a^aamaagaimas^a: aflaia ftafT waft aaa \mwi aiaaTama aa^aafn^ a^ta: aia *?aaT- j ^ aa aaaazsiT ^aafa^aia i aaTfaatsW’gaT aamaai faaa mfaa: I a^aafaanrca amfaaw- aianat aiaim afamfa I 8 «> I araar i a^aiara! aa aTa aaarc aaaY aaa awa NJ amw ataiT aaiazsst ^ar atT% arcai amaiaia Vj 4 atir> % am ! aa gim aiaan aiaaT afa I, aaai aaift ai^ft I I 'fa aiat a a saTWTaiT waaia aa aT aaia I aiwat afat a a>zaa aa% aaaaii a^tat aiaaT aaata a I H I ga ma aaa ^€t aia aa fiat I ^ararj ?;a- a?;aa amaTaTait aim arcai a^aa ^aiarcaa- Tia^t aaawa aaiaia ata, $ aaa faa^ aiaa aaa amaaT, ’aa aarfaa aaa^riai area aa wan Ta awa aaas aawaa mama? aaia gwrft at aiT^ataiT at at I 8® I A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 39. Although this intelligence filled Krishna with delight, ( the cause whereof will appear in the sequel ), he feigned wrath and with blood-shot eyes, said, “ 0 Satye ! This proceeding of Satadhanva has not disgraced your sire but me, and woe unto the wretch for it. Unless you ascend the tree where the bird has taken shelter, you can not kill it.” 40. “ Pray, fohear to bewail the loss of your father.” Thus having soothed Satyabhama, Vasu- deva returned to Dwaraka and taking Baladeva aside, said, “ Prasena, as you know, was slain in the forest by a lion, now Satrajita also has been killed by Satadhanva. These two having died, Syamantalca will be ours.” I wsffl ^ ^ TOT TOT ^ff%- ^pf?Grl ^fTOR, dY$J! ^ Rfft wff*t ^ m dl I dl Wtf^s ffaW dfes *ffal dtd dl I I ^TtTOT fdd^ *Tfa d#S dl I dt^FT d^F»tdft¥ dt^dtdFB df*RTl dtWfa TOW f^RYrf%?d dfdUR ; cditd, <2iuR y ?rtoti YtdtW, *f\s*fYl < t 5 '§<P fdU» Ytlf- c^d I c£i^ fddH YQdtFs ^ SiUR ^UT I 8° I ^TWrTT W. TOTOgfqWsrfcg* f q T?qf*rf%<tqreffi qrc’qhfqfrqpij qrakitqV q fUfvrx- *T¥ I ^TT’f ^iqiqfq qf% qif^rr ^7iq?iT qi^q^TTqRqifHr<TW7T^9T!r q^t- tqr?: I q^qq ^qpqi^t ^HT ^T<T TJ/TOC q»^T, q ’ft^TT I qrajqw* qraw’irti' qrrrh, *s*t, if ^rq qrqqqq^Tqq q^rq; q q>T qqiq I qq -am^r^r ^qrqii qiq wt^ °\ q^ I iti i qqf qT^q fqqf q>qi\ qiWTTqqrq qiTf^qi^rr, qrk fqqq>T qqr qqq q^iqjq t, ^K ^T^Wt wfir^Rt fw^q fqqq? \> q?T f, q*fa qrqq qqfq qqq qq^qqV ^qq q^q %, qq ’qsR^ift qqqjq qre, A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 39 41. “ Do you therefore, Sir, get up, and prepare for slaying Satadhanvd.” Baladeva replied : — {< Be it so.” Hearing that Krishna and Balarama were preparing for battle against him, Satadhanva asked the aid of Kritabarma. “ I shall not be able to compete with Krishna and Balarama,” was the answer of Kritabarma. Satadhanva now applied to Akrura. Akrura said, “ He who by one kick shook the three worlds, who has brought about the widowhood of the wives of mighty Asuras, who by his discus subdues powerful enemies, is an overmatch sttESWT ¥<R, <^ti i f ^ ^ <Ffet- r, 5 fk RIF <2fa*T 40 Hfl!WP?TT I C\ xftfxWT ^ xre xrqra- aj7T^^TT5TT^5RT^^TWT^f£r sftf' fagflTWl <7^fi: 8^ I Tam: ^t^t5ttwt«t** o ^7l^f<T *f£W T^fTT* I Tx$w. €tsi?[TT *T cRTSTflll xftx qq IN* *▼ k qrx %, ?rf*R wsps xiq qqrf- fsreqff qq>T*r %, q% w*rxT*ri ^ t^fTT *fol Ttff, rfX *£\i\ %?t% I T*r v srtxw ■$* qfk €f»M XT* ^XWT?T?T ft I 8 % I ^ngx^t q¥ qra i£5pRX qr^T, % ’stpt ¥*nr x^r ^rf% q»xTt%> ft *rfw qR xif%i i ^ wT?r ^qqx w T,i txr, g-q ^rx *rxw xw fqift% q¥ qi?f *it%x *tt qsxt> A TREATISE ON GEMS. 41 Translation. for even the gods, not to speak of weak men like us ; \ and who again can take the field against him whose half-shut eyes (through drink)* can disperse adverse hosts by his side-glances, and who has achieved \ immortal fame by drawing by main force a herd j of elephants which had arrayed themselves against j him— namely the mighty Halayudha ? You must \ therefore seek for help in other quarters. 42. Hearing this, Satadhanva replied, “If you don’t think you can assist me, you will, I hope, oblige me so far as to keep this gem with you.” “ I can comply with your request,” said Akrura, “ on \ condition that you engage never to give this fact out — \ 51%1 | *rc*f ^ ^rtft ! wl srl, vst^i ^%i | vf*ttc^e ^<H1 fon> «£fTM * Baladeva is a staunch votary of Bacchus as also Krishna although / in a lesser degree. The former is always £ tottering’ and ‘ reeling.’ Vide \ Horivansa , a chapter of Mahabharata , and a highly interesting and / entertaining paper by Dr. Rajendra Lala Mittra in No. CLXXX. of th Asiatic journal. I JTW I C\ <7^*4 i <t%t% STUT'f 18^1 TRafarsreifasff WWTTWPT- SffFri: I m- <r*r«jTrei<ft 18^1 ^x^r vx^x ^rrafa^rinTTw src^mter fafw^T35rl%ir TTTWTg<T^W I STrr’SRTfa ^ *rfw ^T^Tir ^t, ^ <\ <\ *ff% *TT IT fsR^T 18^1 ’SSIPWt *rfa X\m ^ SfiV’JT °\ wR^iir wt^trc ^xt TtaR *twt I ^T'fSfi ?TRr TW "RTT ^K ^Trr^T% faw fawf^f I 8^ I ■STrl^li ^ffs^ ^R ^ SRfa W*SK ^R ^Ifr^^T ^s *RT *fNft<irt ^3R *TT?TT 1881 fit uftfTO ^TffT^^^T 18 8 1 cR5WT | wrra^ri *tt?r ^5T =f t^t Irar, fcwrw ftfr*n^Jr% ^fcw *R*r*ft I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 43 | Translation. j nay, not even in your death-bed.” Satadhanva, | agreeing to this, Akrura accepted the gem. 43. Having given the jewel to Akrura, Satadhanva mounted a mare which could go a hundred jojanas* a day, and departed. On hearing of his escape, Krishna and Balarama yoked to a car the four horses named Saivya, Sugriva, Meghapushpa and j BaMhaka and hastened in pursuit of the fugitive. 44. After having gone a hundred jojanas in one day, the mare of Satadhanva died of fatigue in a woodland tract close to Mithila.f So he was obliged j to continue his journey on foot. i \5t^t T I j *t^l \ 8\\ effrft fwR U.W\~3 I f ^ WsTfa j “t'Wfa *t*Tt?FPPrtFfa «ttC3 C*RJ, i 33 1 i ’tsR ^%i ^nrt?r Fife ^e?rto© ^%l *rtf*tTFR I 88 i * A particular measure of distance, sometimes regarded as about equal to an European league, ( i.e . four or five English miles, but more correctly =4 krosas or about nine miles ; according to other calcula- tions = 2£ English miles, and according to some = 8 krosas) (Williams) vide also Mr. Bboodley’s interesting paper on Buddistic Remains of Behar , page 211, No. CLXXX, of the Journal of the Aciatic Society . t The Modern Oude. ^^1 q^Tfirc* ir^Tfiw^nar srra- I *nr f? *T*rpr 'fST t«s^T *rq^*r J ^t: I 8*1 1 tt^wt q;q <7^ i ^f^sftsfq fesfffa- *riw *rf*WT*ra^cSI 33*41* ** f^TTT *****: c\ ^ d \j I fT^TfcnsTCTf^S * q^q^TT^fepS^fq ^jqsrpfi ^fnr ^TcTTq <I^T q^W^T 5 ?' ^t- qT^nfa: ^Tf?Tfr: Trriqqq ttttt ^fww*i?r^TTW ^ V3 ^ °\ rf^fni^* I ^^'Tt q> 31^1*1* cTCSTRT I *<^1*^ «rti, ^jq gj7r¥ J$ ^SPTC Ti%q ; ”?* qiir’rt ^ ^t<t- 'W^TTT *t^T$ t*t ^nre 1 qjfa'S' t^sTT %> ^rt^'x^t ^tt*j i^fT^T ^r^rrf%^ *f* % l a^L i t .* ^Tf?q«> *rqqrc ** T*q* qqi" i =qkj^!T% ^ ^hr^ ^rqf qhsqra: ^rf^r^T m qrrar ^T^TT I ^C WT$V wfwqf* rT^fl^T f%qr, *T7n; *r q^T I qq qqTTT*^ q?¥r, % q^q^T *TRT | qft qfa qqpr ^fq- ^t^fiqiT *7* q 5 ? * f^rf% I q^T^ q^ qra w^?r qft'q qn:i q>t A TREATISE ON GEMS. 45 Translation. 45. When Krishna came to the spot, he said to Balardma ! “ Please stay here, while I go to have the life of this slave. Our horses has come upon this unsightly spectacle here. They should not therefore go forward.” 46. Baladeva accordingly remained in the car. After having proceeded only two miles or more, Krishna sent his discus from a distance and cut off the head of the fugitive. Next he examined Satadhanv&’s body and searched his clothes for SyamantaJca, but in vain. He returned to Baladeva and communicated his disappoinment. “ We have slain Satadhanva to no purpose, because that pink of perfection, SyamantaJca was not with him.” At this Balarama flew into a towering rage — j £ff £ ! i ^TO £ l vfg^rl <f% 1 <r^n wfs<rl ^ i s<t i ^<Tl <n;^ ^f?Rb5 *TtfrOT=r I ‘lifTi ^ p F1F fepf f*faC*S[*R I <bf<rats *rf%i ^ft<rl win®! forW G<I(A^ ’W? ; 5p’ftbsl »ri i <$% £[<bl ^fwl <^^-2f<FM<£#F <h 46 nfinurar i c^T ^ 7T??T Tf^WI C\ tt^I[ 7I^?Tt * ^ *TTT3i3T ^ 75RT * ^7fef«T: V) (T^TT TT^FgFT^sfr ^ <T^ I 8^ I vi tt>w*tto I *T <T^ «r ^ Tf^ I *TT^%fa ^rW*TTW*t I ^^1^*1% A ^ fwrc %» ^ % fwf* <?ft*ft •rt ! -g-?r^t ’ttt ^Vf Tt??T, ^ 'rnsir * ^t^t<tt I ^W*T T(Wt^ ?rf** ^?K * <j^rrc ’TIT^t ^ trt^ mar ws ? w^r- v3 TOW CTURft ffPTWTC 3iT% TT^rTT f%*TT I T5W <TW f%W f*?RT, qWT ^T- N vJ ^ t fk\^ ^ir i 8f l stjtto tmt qfiriqrt ^rNrc ^RcfiT^m $ TT^T, W'fV T%, ^C 3P*U 3TO* - ^ ^TI^ l fa* W* ^«T^ TO*q^ qrr*f* I ^**T***TO?ftS^qiaTqt: I T<*lfas7 <T CTC5WT I *r*t fro wt t, fa*TT ** i ’wqft «t*W %, 'qk * ^ST* ^ I TJ^r A TREATISE ON GEMS. 47 Translation. “ O fie ! Krishna,” exclaimed he, “ Yonr cupidity has struck me dumb. I forgive you in this matter, as you are my brother, but had it been any body else, by Heaven, he would never have raised his head more. The path lies before you, go wherever you like. As for me, I have no further need of Dwdrakd, no further need of such a brother as you, no further need of friends and relatives. A truce to your false protestations.” After having thus vented his rage, Baladeva left the scene, notwith- standing the reiterated attempts of Krishna to dis- suade him ; and went to Videha. 47. The king of that place lavished costly presents upon him and conducted him to his palace. Balarama became domiciled there. Krishna returned to Dwara- ka. While Baladeva was staying under the roof l fw<r *ri ^pt WT| \©t^F *Rl Ri | ^ ^1 <2fPff§R Rtt ! RR <2fPltWR Rt^! Rf; R tWh3 efPTfSfR ! ^fR Rt$T wtl c l PR *W Rfesl? PTPfR <4$ <2WC3f f%WtR ^%l fiPStR RWPTR I ftp ^rr ^1%pts rstcrr ^mtR r1 ^fk\ 1%iRRM"flp© ^fRR <t> I 8^5 I fRPr^ Its? W <2t?tR MW R%ll CRPTR, f%fR CRr RtPTt Rtf%- PR I (4fwpF ^fxsltRRR ^f^PTR I RWfR R^MPT WRPR RtRPI 48 nfinnrai i I 0\ ffT^rr % 7r^if7r^T^fir^?r i go l I *hlBnsr ^TW^T^fT: I 8^ I ^ rl^ft qqfft I yi® I V, ^ YrTCrS^T i^T ^f fiHsTrlT WT I 80 I f?R *nc^r ’sqk ?rn?q- t-rfrr fqt/rg'fft wt^t s?"Ttut*t *r? qm *ft%. % ^ *xf% 5T f%«7T I fTT^T fassTR «re^5TOt I 8^ I Tran ** *nrnrfir$ atfir q^?T tow -V ^ -N -v , „ , WCTO '^PRnnr SRIZ^r ^TVT I 8<e I ^sTrft Ylftw *mx *TTT «TR, ^ranitsfq ^wawfaw^JT^anhziRqx:: rx^rt &> L.\ I 8*. I ^H7I<ft f% f<l5-5T sT^T WafitBJrft *1 N cTTSWI | srrez ^q^x «r^?r WqT^T TTWT ^T I yi c I A TREATISE ON GEMS, 49 Translation of king Janaka, Duryodhana, son of Dhritara- shtra, learnt from him the principles of mace-warfare. 48. After three years had elapsed, Babhru, Ugra- sena and other Jadavas, visited the palace of the king of Yideha and creating in Baladeva the belief that Krishna had not appropriated Syaman- taka, prevailed upon him to return to Dwaraka. 49. Furnished with immense gold through Syci- mantaka, Akrura spent his time in celebrating vari- ous jajnas. * 50. A man who slays a Kshetriya or a Vais'ya engaged in a jajna, is guilty of killing a Brahmin, f It was perhaps this which shielded him for no less than sixty-two years from any hostile manifes- tations on the part of Krishna. MM, (Tit Wjft ttTO fWl MM I 8=) | 1%^T ^TO Mftv MF 'S TOTOI TO TOY f ^ CM> TOW #1 TOTOi mm fvTO %l *$- 5iTOf c t'4^Y TO c fatf*tTO1 MFs TOTOM ‘^fMs TOTOM I 8S> | Mi hrtTO TOI m TOtctt wrti TOTO M ; cTO M ^ TOmTO ftfWt Mt tom TOT TOW msTOI , TOF© sttfroM i 6 ° i * A general name for certain ceremonies presided over by priests, in which oblations are presented and sometimes sacrifices made, t According to Manu the slaying of a Brahmin is one of the five capi- tal sins, mahdpatakaSj [vide the Institutes by Sir W. Jones.) I TO TOTOl TOM TOftTM I 8^ 1 ufararer i C\ T^cT 7JW qqqq^f^qq<RTf<-cfi 5TTW I ^ I ^WT^W^twfll: 3RW ^T^rT^ Jnftt o?iqT- f^?r *ftii: 3T??snnm* ^q^TJfi: i y^ i <^qsRTfar%ri^Tq«I fT^tq^^SfT^T^Tl'%^qiT- ^q^^T q^i: I qT^qq^q^qqqqqqTfoqnirq?^ qqqTgwfq^rrq: f%qf^qqi^q rqrtq^qiqqq- ^^T^t^ItTT^I I CTC5WTI wit qqq *rfa% TITO* ^RTT^q qftt ^q^$r, if^TW, *f^fiT *RI «T "STT I yi^. I T* f ^ f^t oSTcftrT Tfr W ^ittw ¥Tc^ti% with qr^^t l o ?q vwh ^tsjtt ^> 5i7iqr% ^T^r sf^T ^t^q»T wq c\ ^t i y^ i T%q f^5r ^tt 7 tt» wit f^qq tsvmh qiqT- qqiTTqiT qq^q> qjqqn qq* qftq *rmT^t qpft I qqq? qr^ qtqf*qr> qqqiq, qq^q ^qfc ^q€r?i topct q:qfqff •ftir qqrr qqq qq l % f%q qrrqq qq qq fqqq Ttq qq% fqqq q^qr % l y£ I v-v v';»<j !/&*•■ v": mlm A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 51 51. During all this time, through the influence of this gem, Dwaraka enjoyed perfect freedom from wars, rebellions, famines, pestilences, &c. 52. Afterwards, the bhojas of Akrura slew Sa- trughna, the grandson of Satvata. Alarmed at this Akrura fled from Dwaraka with them. 53. His departure was the signal for the preva- lence of snake-bites, droughts, pestilences and other calamities. Krishna, Baladeva, Ugrasena and others met together and seriously addressed themselves to the ascertaining of the causes of the miseries which the people were groaning under. ffR ‘Stud TOTO <2tc*fta ’TOW lTO*t TO I ^zF<t wtwl I n I (7f ‘ 5 t«T^R <K*M, C 7 !^ fwi ^Cxs'i’ TOTOs TO1 « Wi- fe I '©'fcfa *t?T TO TO 'S ^SftTTC 1% "TOsto i ‘TOt e i <4tTOfcsl <4^ W «Ttf^r, '©1^1 TO TO# <FTOJ I ft's I I f \ | C\ htv firm ^T^r ^WTvwriw riw $f&^RT*ST7nTCrT- f^B ^ *m|W I y.8 I f%w$s?2r5fiT5TT?^r ^swjStsij^ni i ffW^WT^TT TO I aiilfSRTW^r qWIT^ 7W qwr ^shn^hi. i yiyi i WTfa wsfq TrafiraT% I TT^ ?r^ 7T»W qqf^fTOTTTfTt I ^TfiTTT^-^ 7TI- Triami w^rrcr? ^r ! vqm fTi^rom* <TOWT I «rT<T rK 7TJ$ xr^i $toT» %w, t^T t, % WTq>T W f^ fw* 'SfTT? T^T, q'TT qiTft Tpft, ^wfz W Tffl TfrlT *TT I <<8 I ^TfifTT^T% ?T5?$ W*rl ^5TT^% Tt'^% 33^^5»^V W5 ^71^ $ 71$ I qRTOrq& T15T$ tWTT^T T^ WTO giW 3iT f^fx I *3* ^Trg sfiilro^^ ^fti tt$$ nr ?b 7Rs*ir i "iyi I ^qiT qq^T Tt$$ 3t?fta vt «IT$$ WT*^ q^T 71 I f$ qq?T7:$ qq Wf^fT ^q; i TiqT^ qj^T q^T tj i ^ qnfwqr 7i^ qi7?n$ $t$, % | ^tt feqqra tt$% 7ff% Ttfft, *rm ^ri^>, =?n A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 53 54. An old Jadava, Andhaka by name, said, “I have remarked that wherever Saphalka, the father of Akrura, resides, the natural calamities cannot approach. 55. “ Once the provinces of KVisiraj were suffer- ing terribly from drought; but no sooner Saphalka entered the kingdom than the Thunderer* began to send down heavy showers. A daughter was then residing in the womb of the royal spouse. 56. She was not delivered of her burden even when the proper time had gone by. Twelve weary years passed in this manner. Once the king addressed his embryonic daughter thus : “0 daughter, why are you yet delaying to come out ? Do, I beseech you, come out. Dow my soul longs to see your dear face I *T^«T <4^ ^Tl ^ <1$^ f*Fs1 (71 <71 ’to toR, CTt (7# ’to Wft TOF 'Q ^ *Tl I <4 8 I e’fel I torw ^<rto cwto ^ ^ £ i i Ttf*ttoR *fffr ^ ^ wl Rwft i <t<t i to isjsi* (7t^ <$w\ f sfs^ ifl I tof R ^5 Wl ^ i <*m\ ^Ftf*rsrtw *3% ! 5f| ? ^8, RtfR C^Wl * Indra, the supreme god iu the Vedic hierarchy, the Hindu Zeus. ^T^'Pf I 54< flfawrai J iremi c\ 7T I ^TTrfT fisfwfrT f%T mwfv ^T TT*^ StT^TfR rTTrT ! ^phif *Tj f^9r fTT^4 f^fawiltfa I rT^^T^ ?j5t T f^W Tit ¥I?TW I ^Tftr TTRrTT ^T%5T «fT<TT I fTfi^W fafTT TTTf^ltffT «TTIT mmjT. | Trpg TTlf^lt ^^T7TfIT?fT^r»rflt ST^TTT I VJ m TITf^lt <TT^^ftof m^WTST ^if I ^*PSTfT ^ | cf^^r 3wftT^T$rnTf?r: l y ^ | creswr i ^3?<T SJTf ^r %, 'Ifa ^fT% f^«T fsR^r^TW XIltJWHTnRI 3RT^fiT 5RW |<?t 'Tt | SfiTfa- TT^^iT T.V 3i*jr »WV$“ sfcfft, fqrTT ! TO ’fT xt*T Vm VVi cfT^TW^t vm vm It ^t«t ?st» fit f?R wT*r wt? ^ 7iH *rrrc i tw%<t ^Ti> tfr It ^t?t ?r?;I *rl I T^ vm\x f?rc sr^trf vfr5r ^t ctctst art; i f^T f^*T Tit ^T«T ^5JTT ^rPT^ a?i;wt> \V ^TTW 5TT7T 7llf^*ft r 7RT I f%^T ^*T*T «rwnra TO** TOrvfs v^ art;, vvv ^r^t 7TTf*|lt m*1T ^T*T fefi^IT I VW TITf^ltlt vfaf^v vm vm It ?-r $ fit It l |t*il TITf^lti Till TO^TfiT 5P?T % I ^tj^% ^T3fT W^-% | y.^ I A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. Why are you, again, inflicting so much hardship upon your mother ?” “ If you, dear father,” re- plied the daughter, “ henceforth daily offer a cow to a Brdhmin, I shall he horn only after three years.” Kasiraj complied with this. After three years had thus passed, the daughter saw the light. Having regard to the unique circumstances that preceded her birth, her father called her Gandini.* By way of rewarding Saphalka, the king bestowed Gandini on him. She also daily bestowed a cow on a Brahmin. This lady bore her husband Akrura. Sprung from such parents, Akrura should naturally partake of their wonderful virtues. 'sr^'Pf i vpfei sri i f*R Wfftw f% < 4 % ? <Ftf%tsf <iRfpr cfft wl c*tl wra ^ i Ttftrtsf wp Rfa ^ <4^ C$\ Ft 3 ! WttoR I W* Wi I fpR f^R C^fl Wfa Wfcs Wl -2P£® ^srtfspr <Rits *riR itfctipRi ^rtMt wl TOrR wcift I (?rt RtWte fiR ^ C5f1 ffR I twk ZW 3 CRt SRI R<I | <£Tf ifRrp '® < R' 59 R R5RR3 SRI I 6<b \ * The word, through the particle iry, alludes to the singular circum- stance of the offering of kine. O. qq q;qq%^qqi[%jq q^fq^Tijfq^qT q qfq- | q^qqTq^qqifqfq ^*WTfrf$wq<STq?rei^- q%q Tfir I ^ I qq^qqqqiqiqq qsqqfaq? r- qqq^S^qqq^fq 5 q<qTq*:iqfqfq^Tqqqqq ^t ^Tqi\fqi: I ff^ qq qq^^RTJqqf- *r$: ^iqTqi^qTqfaq^f^Hnqn^q^q: •ar^ur i qnqre fqsqqTqiq ^TTW q^q TUf^qf ^rfaq: ^q^Tq^qfirfesfq^iw- ^iqar?T^qiTT^ TRTTq: I ^ I xj crrswr I qrq q> q q ^wk q^jq* wt^qR A qq qg- qq qr^i'f q^t, qffc $fqw qff 'wt^TT I ^qi^t qqn^q ^r^fit ^ s;q sm 1 ? qnqT qqifqq 1 1 ^itr ^ q^T ^q^TV^ f%qT qr^r f^qiT q qT 'qfqq* qjw f , qqq>T ^qTTq qqi^T qfqq qff I ^ I qjqq, qqqq ffa qqrt;q *rcf^ qf^qqw ’q^rq^ q 5 ? qTq ^qq>T sqwqi-g-q qqn:qfT qiWT qq^Tq ^wr qR% qqq qR qTqqq qnq I qqn:qr qq?;q qqq sjr^ ^ ^q ^qqrqi qfwii qqrqq qqi- qfe, qft, ffq^ qfc qjqqsT qq qq fqqRq ft qqT | ftq?qq qqncqft; q'f q^.TT t;qq>T qrqq ffqR fq«rTT qRq RTaT, % qqi^ aqq?qrqi% qfaq qq^T 3?q 'i, qw q^q ft^T qrcw %, q*^ qqre%, qH q^qii xx ftar q^ qift 1 1 i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 57 Translation. 57. “ What wonder, then, that natural calamities should befall the land on which he has turned his hack ? My voice is for bringing him back. Al- though I grant that he has committed wrong, yet what may not be forgiven to such as he ?” 58. Agreeably to this sage advice, Kes'ava, TJgrasena, Baladeva and other Jadavas, brought the son of Saphalka over to Dwaraka, condoning his past transgressions. Anon the drought, plague, famine, snake-bites, &c. ceased to rage by virtue of Syamantalcci, which was with him. The sudden change led Krishna to reflect : — “ Akrura’s having sprung from the loins of Saphalka and the womb of Gandini,” thought he, “ is no sufficient reason. To a certainty, this extraordinary phenomenon must owe its origin to a far more potent cause. ^’Tpf I w (?ft ^ wfwl ffat- (7R^ Ti «£l^ttC5T w »rt ? ^<n are '® c i, ^ i i (7Pt<r, m- ^ ^ e l ^fwl ^Rl fwl I vq C^T I c£l^ ^3551 W“fbl Iwl I ^ 'GfRTf ^rftratCf 5 !, ^1 \«3 Wfft '^<1’^ I GV I > 58 ufoWFjfT I <\ " q^prqq^l toto q ^TOiqiT*3r%sfq I <\ qqj iKfqqi: iwrt: qqqri nmU q’grerqqk qjqrq sffrTJrn: qqriq qqTSrrc qqqtfq I qqftqr- I ^rewnrR?!: q^qfqrfqrecftfq qm^arq- ^T^ts^ri, qqtqq^ffag qqHkrcql qq ^fqiqfroq sn^q^ TOrotqq- qqfqfaq q q%* qwI^Hqf^^T^^T- vxjt* w* fn^r qmi|qqrqqr wq i !£<$ i i I qtqwi t | ^ qqsft fqqq qqqq 'ftm f , q> q^q qre qq j \3 ®\ ^jqsqqi q^T^q q I T^r T^T q, ^TO qq]q# qq qq qq^i qT*q qtqT q 1 qrjgr to srro wt^ ^ETCT f?IW TO» * 5*1 qiTfIT ^ rfT t I qqq^ ^Wqqt q *rt qfq t, fqqqt qro qqq to qt to i qqq q 5 ^ fqqq qiqq q*\qr *?, qq ^q?ro x3 qf% qiq q* I q^^qrrq qqq^ qqq qq fqqq qiTO TOf^q qqq qqiTqq?; to qnq qq qT^qqqq?!' qqq fqqT ; qk qq ^tto qiik q*\ qnqq qr? qrkrssi qqsTO qjw ?rcq q^q^ft fro °\ qnfq q»TO qt% I yi«« I ;L* Translation. 59. “It is odds he has got the magical St/aman- talca with him. I have heard people attribute won- derful properties to the gem, whereby natural cala- mities can be removed. What, again, enabled Akrtira to celebrate jajnas * without number, if he were not furnished with heaps of gold by Syaman- taka ?” Having come to this conclusion, Krishna brought together the whole body of the Jadavas on some occasion. The avowed purpose of the meeting having been accomplished, Krishna began to talk with Akrura in a light vein. The conversation having been brought to the intended pass, the for- mer said : — I wto w, «rai w, 's ^ wWi <4retffa w ^ i ^1 fam crfa or, cit i *R?T W3 <4j^pf <FT%I (TFfa W I T d vst^i c*ft ^c*t ^iw(M #R^RI flrsa. I * Vide ante . GO nfurfrrai i i C\ ^ ^T^rq^r ! srpffa q;q qq vwi ^%^r- 5t*i7T*rrT*rrr ^**r*rc*‘ ^^<t: ^r^rfqrf i at;<T- N ©\ *rerf: ^ 1 ^- frTgffrfr? frnsg ^4 ?r?nrflTTOswsrc f*s^r q^^swr^nrf^rpn* i ?r^qirqrt?i4 i:rzi rvrf% rr: ^tsfanrew » fcfi^T^JTJTl ^3TT Sflrfcwf ?I7i^^T3^T- ftrft^T^f^W^rft ^irftm Wts%rnj *T 4*faffl fr^f%^«T7T<^TTW»Trr ^TTTqWJTT^T- sr t: wt*h*! TOf«hl^ I ^o I ?rr 5 wr I % ^nm ! inrrerre sit ’qT’ri mq m src^t ^RSrpfi ^rf^r wqr ^t, 4 t snsm V, *Tf"rT$r TTSTcRT W3?<T ^TSiTTt f, ^ qre I, t%, ^ *srwt ^qqiT qf^qt^r ts *nrc q^rt;q vk fir*T *ktj{ w l t^t^T •?*tt i%^ *rfw twtt ^«tt ^t I sre wt<t *p§t fa^rr fit qre^t %, T^r %^T SHM ^l\K W7 fit q 5 ? qrTT ^V\T. Vi * *T >f^T^ ^ 4 , =*jt*: ^ifir I q 5 ? q^iq 3RT» «ft V *HTT ^JT^T «T ^tqi I q<? ^ S’Trf ®\ fq^T^C SiT Sf7Twii qmqqir qt^» qqqq ! w?nrarrq ^qit *rfir wt I I A TREATISE ON GEMS. Cl Translation 60 . “ O Lord of Danavas,* that Satadhanvd has kept with you the incomparable Syamantaka is well- known to us. That gem is a blessing to the land ; and we don’t grudge you the possession of it: enough that it is with one of us. But Baladeva suspects me of having appropriated it — in order to disabuse him of this false notion, please show it me once before this assembly.” In this dilemma, Akrura thought, “ The gem is with me : now, what shall I say ? If I deny, they will search my body, and will surely find it out. Nor will this be a happy circumstance for me. O Lord,” he then said to the Great Cause of this Universe, “ Sata- dhanva did lodge the jewel with me. tow «rtsrai wffti cut fwi? '®rt 3 nrl toptI ^ TOti ^eruot^eryf^ froTOti £i1%^ tof^tofi, ’rcstwa tot (?rt #ri>t wTO cWii IlfPPI * 13 R TO TO fs^l ^ ^ TOUT faTO^ f% fu^il ^f%, ^1 ^pt ^t<rl ^fro, w<j ^1 *tfro, WPTt ^t%7T I ^ TO^ e l TO, CUU1 TOF =fl I ^TfFsr ^ I w*r fro ^IrTOTOi ^%1 w?r tofto TO*i i *fawt TOt<rfw 5 TOW ^%tfTOR I I i * Hindu 1 Titaus who warred on’ the Suras (gods.) mm is® ^RTTrT ^ rlT^T^ ^ ^ft 3T WT^T^T *TT * ^ ^r^j- ^ \*ttwir ifrroriratoft 3rraftp»TFrft m of *H^r^T?rfq l ft l xraiw^Tw^r^^^T^^Tf?: *rcfa^ ^ irs?rlrf}f?r *ri ToJTi^r 5 T i f ^ i Tff^ ^pH^TOl’ TOnnr^ T^T ^Tf^’TfT ?r^ ^rerai^r i ?rt: *bw- ^ V3 TOP* w^srcm’T i f ^ i SOW! *n3r ^ ^TTW, HIT 3>T*T, *TT TOft <5T^ V* *rf% *TTW, ^ f%^PC ^T.m ^ T£?R f W toT I TWi* T *5fi> W^T m *T sTST t I V W ^f®[<T Tfare ^ W>3, f^TT I ft 1 qTW ^TTW *R%*T if ^fiT ^rftar t, € ^tht ttw^rt ^ifcr w«r w m W I T*t TTrT^ f^cT^R *T^ f^rTT *?T»T f^«?T ^ I f ^ I TW W% ^n TO Tlfa ^fT5 %5fiT faT^oft TOTfw Tf, | TO ^Trf m^mx wr mm fefroT I ^ I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 63 Translation, 61. “ I have kept it in my possession so long, in the hope of bestowing it on you after the death of Satadhanva. Alas ! sir, it has been a thorn in my side. 62. “ I did not give it to you so long, lest you should think me incapable of bearing about a gem of such mighty virtues. 63. “ Now accept it, sir, and bestow it on whomsoever yon please.” Having delivered him- self thus, Akrura took out a small golden box from his dress. ^ ^ ^ wl ^ OH qfti (7i, ^ttfq qft*® ^rl ^r- *itft qft i ^ i cq, ^rajrtq qftwiq qffiwe qwtfqcs *ttfiRT qi, ^rffq Wx ^*tq1w ^<rl ^1 qtfq i ^ i q* <sfq*l qsfqql ^rf%- ^r, qq’ft ^q*q i ^ ^tl qfcral f^rsf *ifkqq qaiw qfes <4q^t ^ ^q< cq^i qff^q q^fqc^q i w i i 64 flftriRFsrr i jtwpi o. " rtfT^ fsWTO ^pranwfif rf^ | VURIW ^ TI^TfwSrttT ^msff V ^ Tn* *rf%3r: SRre^TSTT^ ^*rfthr: <\ ^ *T«T ’SWrf^rTT | <T^fw?;^?TT^t^r *T^- ^TT^RT *r§ f%%<T*T^T ^TTl-S^Srl I ^^*rfw. Tfa J N spswj: w^Tts^wi ^ i ctcstot l STT^ ^ ^ °\ ) *rfw 3R ^<T%rf ^JT^TTTO t^T3TTOT I ^*T3iir ffPTRT W*T^*r JTOTWT5T Tt TOT I f 8 I | STT? TO^i ’TOR Tfi-, % TO^T^ TOR TTT^l | «\ S *?t ^Upt sft, TO *fw TO 5 * 'f I «T¥ fro^ fTOT Tt, TO I STT^TO TO ^f<ir% TO*T TOTO^ ^7\ RF3^TO RTTt TOTO WTTOI3JT ^ tor to, to^r TO^froRm rew *tttot- NtT RtTO TO’fV *TTO W H TO 5 % ?f*TO *fTO ^ ^i'fT t» % TO *rfrow to ft*fr I ^U. I ? A TREATISE ON GEMS. 65 4 Translation. 64. And laid Syamantaka before the assembled Jadavas. The gem sent a gleam far into the bosom of the apartment. 65. “ Listen, princes,” said Akrura, “ this is the \ gem which Satadhanva lodged with me. Let him who is its rightful owner claim it.” The Jadavas were struck with surprise at the sight, and were lavish in their praises. Baladeva secretly pined for \ possessing it, and thought within himself, “ Krishna promised formerly that this gem should be our common property.” TO (TTf C^V&1 ^5 wRrs’t Rt^rtfro ^rl R3R ^fTOR, TOWl RtTO fwi> (R #1 ^<r i c*\% ^ fimM. eTtf^R I TO TO TftfTOR, CT, <4^ ^<1* RRtfeR *pRf% I ^ I ^Tfif I ^«T I ^8 I 66 HftWRT I I C\ ’*■* ^ ^vrrtrrfq ^j^t- I ^■^«fR5TI^^?TT(T ^*RT- 5fr^Rf%rrrfw^ iff i ^^T^*5R^T5§X*TT'f' irffr^nW- *ta*n?*t sn^rt ^fshn^ i ^ WTRf fTfT I f \9 I ^?il' ijfVrcT a^r**hr«r*Rn firennur- ^wis^t'T^Twr ^rijfarcr ft|TOrairreH$? 'wf«rT I f c I crswt I ^wrptt ww*t ¥*ttt «rro4t f%5T ¥, TOffhft fa^RT ^lf%t I *TR t*WC *Tf^ ?TT T K Tf *T% I ^ I «TT^ ^tu^sr *n^PTO *T«R <fR, 5 ^S, *rnjf T* ^WffaT^ ***Rt *?¥ wfWTeT ^TORT I *R 3>f^T f%2TT WT» «r sre *rfw*er TOt«r*st ^jfa 'Whtt qrnfrft | Tt^ft, %f%5T TOCTTR *TH$ TR % T^r s&RW wrerroWt f»r*RT I, srtwt *RTf%*& *lfi I I *T¥ *fa m%W ^fc sT^T^I SRlt *TTW SR’Tf^r *rw w^r qrofcRT I, %f%?[ ^nrftw ^P^R *TTTW «TR eRTW^T^TT I I f ' « I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 67 Translation. 66. Satyabhama thought that since Si/aman- taha was the property of her father, it should now be hers. Seeing the countenances of Baladeva and Satyabhama, Krishna became embarrassed. 67. Then addressing Akrura, he said, “You must know, Sir, that I have shown this gem, only to remove the stain which had attached itself to my reputation. Formerly I promised that it should be the joint property of Baladeva and myself. But, it is Satyabhdm&'s paternal possession, and now ought to be hers. None else should covet it. 68. “When a man who is clean and who is engaged in Brcihmacharjya * wears it, it conduces to his good ; but it is destructive to an unclean person. i TO ^1 TO *2jw fiftroi wtfrorc i i TO <ilf^ TOTO *ITO TOfTO cwifb r=rtwc=nr wt ^ *rf*breF torsf cr^rrtro i ,5 rtf^ftTO ct, ^ wRw Aston'S ^rtTO TOif% f¥% ^ ; ^(WJd YtTO TO 4 ! I w? I # The condition of a young Brahmin or student in the first period of his life, involving much rigorous prayer and fasting. Vide The Commentaries . 68 fpsW I ^?r: ft^^ffaT^qfamfT ’srararwf vttw I ^e. I ^T^TiTI5Tigwft<T^5TqfW^: 3iW SfiT^f t I TT^T *stt ^'wi ^Rqa unknn q qm3{far51% ^Rqfa: fR^UTT I J J 4 q* ?frir w&rf qrr^T I qi^r { qi^rf ?i7r 1 wifa vriTf^g' ^*nb i ccr^t^j rr^qT^^q^istqqiT?:f5ffiTTi^rr?r q*r*R srrag I trrswT i *%, *rfw w? ^ r % f% 3 ii i A TREATISE ON GEMS, 69 Translation, 69. “ How then can I wear it, considering that I have no less than sixteen thousand queens ? 70. “How again can Satyahhama use it ? Shall she engage in Brahmacharjya for the sake of the jewel ? Shall the respected Baladeva renounce the convival cup and other pleasures in order that he could grace his person with SyamantaJca ? O Lord of Danavas, no use of my endeavours. Here are these Jadavas, here is Baladeva, here is Satyahhama, and here am I. We all beseech you, do you wear the gem for the good of this kingdom. “ Pray, do not disregard this advice.” “ Be it so” f% ^ *i TOg<m ? ^#1 r ? *rft- *\U$ ! TO<1 TO =rl, TO to TOb TOnfl <iiy TOiw TOft i fsTO> ^Icsridj ^C<f I to^i, TO** ^TO Tfroi *rl i ^ TO TOll? TfTO cTO ^RlC«1*T I TOf=r TOrot TO ^*1 *tsr 70 C\ <nrt q* *jfq ’qTwr. qqizqqTqtq ^TT I \S o I T^fat wroft fqq:nfa3if%^TqRt q: qtrcfq ^ ?m qs^Tfq^wrfq f*rwiTftrirf%^f?i ^ran^q%q- I \s\ I *fcJ ^Wqjqtqi^JTqJJ | cttstri i ^ q^irer »rfw ^qq q^qiT ©V. irw:^ qi%^T f^r fqjT^ qr^r I 'Qo I ’•PWnr ^qfqqqiT q^ *&7 q?qr^ qi^T ^q7IT> 'qqqT qqq qTTqiTT, qs*ft *T VTI, ’sqfa qq feqf ^qfc *NS q¥ qq qjqir ^ qre q«f *it I \ Wtr^pRi qgiq smit i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 71 ? Translation. said Akrura, who continued to wear Syamantaka, and | ranged Dwaraka like a second sun.” 71. When a man remembers the false accusa- tion of Krishna mentioned above, he can hear with equanimity lesser false charges against him, and is finally absolved from all sin. I End of the History of Syamantaka. ) *^TpT I (7T| «|3F?r (Try kl £ i ^fkrl | t%N©lw ^rtn tki 4 ) j 4 nee's sTtf^R I V I (7i ^erfk fr<rt wt*- | kks ^ m, | ^nefs a\uf m°, ca kk f ^C'® «Tf» <K4 I ^ I I ( C\ '** ) WT^irr gWTFTW Rf II cTT5fJTr I | fkl, JTTfe, fl}f<T, JT^r, HT3T, Tjfarcm, sjfc 5ffafr m zi’ft 4t n^iw % i ? < > — — > I Translation. The Diamond, Ruby, Catseye, Pearl, Zircon, Coral, Emerald, Topaz and Sapphire are called the nine precious gems. j I ftw, *rtf*for, faw *r©%i, w\> c^rtw?, f wi *tfai, •tjsfirw <4<r° : t^%r ^Rfk ^ TO eftt* TO3RRWT *tfatf*te I <R I | 5 > 9 ^' fib j ) GENERAL REMARKS. l^pHB taste for gems and precious stones can m be traced to the most remote ages, and though i it is now a hopeless task to point out the country ’ where they were first discovered, or the nations by whom they were first worn, there are many circum- stances which materially help us in concluding that India was their birth-place. For every luxury and comfort that man enjoys, for everything rare and beautiful in nature, for every delight that charms his senses and gratifies his vanity, for perfection in plants, flowers, perfumes, animals, birds, insects, music,* gems, pearls, &c., we are indebted to the | East. Mention is made of gems and jewels in the earli- est writings of the Hindus. The Vedas speak of a place illuminated by rubies and diamonds which gave out a light as refulgent as that of the planets. Precious stones play a prominent part in the mytho- logies of the Hindus ; in their traditions, poems and legends. In the two great epics of Hindustan, the Bdmdyana and the Mahdbhdrata, frequent * The country which affords us the most ancient memorials of a \ perfect language, of an advanced civilization, of a philosophy where \ all directions of human thought find their expression, of a poesy im- < mensely rich in every style, and of a musical art corresponding with j the lively sensibility of the people, — India appears to have given birth S to bow-instruments, and to have made them known to other parts of \ Asia, and afterwards to Europe. — F. J. Fetis. There is nothing in the West which has not come from the East. — \ F. J. Fetis. J A TREATISE ON GEMS. 73 mention is made of stones and pearls with which the kings and the people of the period used to decorate their persons. Amongst the other ancient nations of the East, the Persians had a great taste for gems. The Phoenicians are known to have brought from the East precious stones and jewels to Egypt and Greece. The Egyptians are noted to have been very fond of them. The belles of ancient Egypt used to adorn their brows with dia- dems of Pearls, and their throats with necklaces of four rows of precious stones. The fingers of the men were loaded with rings. Eive or six cen- turies before Christ, the Grecian kings and rulers of the neighbouring countries used ornamental and signet rings made with cut stones. Onomacritus, a priest and founder of Hellenic mysteries, is said to have treated of precious stones and their super- natural powers (500 B. C.). Heredotus mentions, (besides the Emerald in Poly crates’ ring,) signet rings such as that of Darius, and also speaks of the so-called Emerald column in the temple of Hercules in Tyre, which emitted a splendid light at night. Plato makes mention ’of the Sard, Jasper and Emerald. Aristotle had a better knowledge of stones than those authors that preceded him. His scholar, Theophrastus, has left a work on the sub- ject. Alexander the Great had his breast-plate set with stones, and his mantle embroidered with gold and gems. When the Homans conquered Egypt and Greece, they took away, as the spoils of their A TREATISE ON GEMS. 75 successful invasions, all tlie luxuries of the subju- gated countries, and thus imbibed, among others, a taste for gems and stones. Caesar and Cleopatra are said to have met in a hall of tortoise-shell, studded with Emeralds and Topaz. Caligula adorn- ed his horse with a collar of Pearls ; the shoes of Heliogabalus were studded with gems, and the statues of the gods had eyes of precious stones, — a custom borrowed evidently from the East. Even now, the horses of the Oriental Princes are brought out, on festive processions, studded all over with Pearls and other gems. In the time of the Ptole- mies, jewels were used in profusion for ornamenting arms, drinking cups, and even the altars of the gods, and were also set in the frames in which the sacred pictures were put. Constantine is said to have entered Rome in a chariot of gold, adorned with dazzling gems, and in his time the Royal Crown was first set about with precious stones. This custom still prevails throughout the civilized world. Pliny and Strabo make prominent mention of gems and jewels in their works. The Bible gives des- criptions of various kinds of stones known to the Hebrews. The twelve stones which were in the breast-plate of the High Priest were — the Sard, the Topaz, the Carbuncle (or Ruby), the Emerald, the Sapphire, the Diamond, the Ligure, the Agate, the Amethyst, the Beryl, the Onyx and the Jasper. The twelve Apostles were also represented by gems, called the Apostle stones : — GENERAL REMARKS. 1. — The linrcl and solid Jasper, representing the rock of the Church, was the emblem of 1 Peter. j 2. — The bright-blue Sapphire was emblematic of I the heavenly faith of Andrew. | 3. — The j Emerald, of the pure and gentle John. 4. ' — The white Chalcedony, of the loving James. 5. -— The friendly Sardonyx, of Philip. 6. — The red Cornelian , of the martyr, Bartho- 7. — The Chrysolite, pure as sunlight, of Mathias. 8. — The indefinite Beryl, of the doubting Thomas. 10. — The Chrysophrase, of the serene and trustful 12. — The pink Hyacinth of the sweet-tempered Simeon, of Cana. Sidorus, the Bishop of Seville, is said to have of properties attributed to precious stones at this time was wonderful ; they were said to have the power of conferring health, wealth, beauty, honor, good fortune, and influence. Men and women used to carry them about their persons and called them amulets. These were also thought to have some connection with the stars and seasons. A parti- cular stone was supposed to be sacred to each month. The following are what were known as die Zodiac stones : — lomew. 9. — The Topaz, of the delicate James the younger. Tkaddeus. 11. — The Amethyst, of Mathew the Apostle. written a work on stones (630 A.C.) The number A TREATISE ON GEMS. January ... Jacinth (Hyacinth), or Garnet. February . . . Amethyst. March ... Bloodstone, or Jasper. April Sapphire. May Agate. June Emerald. July ... Onyx. August ... Cornelian. September ... Chrysolite. October . . . Aquamarine, or Beryl. November ... Topaz. December Ruby. Supernatural influences have been attributed to particular stones, which are still believed in by the j superstitious. The Ruby is known to be a so- vereign remedy for pestilence and poison ; it also \ drives away evil spirits and bad dreams. The > Jacinth, if worn on the finger, procures sleep, and j brings riches, honor, and wisdom. The Amethyst j dispels drunkenness and sharpens the wit. The Balas Ruby restrains passion and fiery wrath, and is a preservative from lightning. The Emerald discovers false witnesses by suffering alteration when it comes in contact with such persons ; the Sapphire procures royal favor, and frees men from enchantment. The Chrysolite was said to cool boiling water, and soften wrath, and if placed in contact with poison, it lost its brilliancy until re- moved. Opinions, of course, differ as to these attributes, according to the fancy of the writers. 78 GENERAL REMARKS. The superstitions attached to these stones were not confined to the ancients only. The Empress Eu- genie of France, it is said, would not wear a preci- ous Opal, because it was known to have brought ill-luck to the wearer. But our Most Gracious Majesty the Queen Victoria, Empress of India, having no superstition on the point, has presented each of her daughters, on their marriage, with a parure of Opals and Diamonds. It has now become a fashion to have finger- rings set with certain stones, so arranged that the initials of their names would give a desired name. The following alphabetical list of precious and half-precious stones will be of great use in form- ing the names : — Transparent. Opaque. A Amethyst ... Agate. • • • o B Beryl . . Basalt. C ... Chrysoberyl. . ... Cacholong. D .. Diamond ... Diaspore. E . . . Emerald . . Egyptian pebble. F ... Felspar . . Fire-stone. G ... Garnet ... Granite. H ... Hyacinth ... Heliotrope. I ... Idocrase ... * * • . J ... ••• • • • • ♦ ... Jasper. K Kyanite ... Krokidolite. L . . . Lynx-Sapphire .. Lapis-Lazuli. M ... Milk-Opal ... Malachite. N .. Natrolite ... Nephrite. 0 ... Opal . . Onyx. Transparent. Opaque . p ... Pyrope ... Porphyry. Q ... Quartz ... Quartz Agate. R ... Ruby .. Rose Quartz. S ... Sapphire . . Sardonyx. T . . Topaz ... Turquoise. U Uranite ... Ultra-marine. V . . . Visuvianite . . . ... Yerd-antique. w . . . Water-Sapphire ... Wood-Opal. X ... Xanthite . . . Xylotile. Y ... Z ... Zircon . . . Zurlite. Thus, the name “ Charles” may be represeni by Chrysoberyl, Hyacinth, Amethyst, Ruby, Lapis- Lazuli, Emerald and Sapphire. The Prince of Wales, on his marriage with the Princess Alex- andra, gave her a ring which represented his own name “ Bertie.” It was set with stones in the following order — Beryl, Emerald, Ruby, Turquoise, Jacinth and Emerald. The following account of precious stones, as sup- posed to be found on reptiles and animals, is taken from “All the Year Round” of the 1st June, 1878 : — “ Among the Arabians, serpents were supposed to possess precious stones of inestimable virtue. This belief was current through many ages. Mathew Paris relates the story of a miserly Vene- tian, named Vitalis, who was rescued from a terri- ble death — having fallen into a pit in which were a lion and a serpent — by a wood-cutter, to whom he r 80 GENERAL REMARKS. promised half his property for this deliverance. The lion and the serpent, who take advantage of \ the ladder by which Yitalis is brought to the surface, also testify their gratitude to the wood- cutter, by crouching at his feet. While the poor man is having his humble repast in his little hut, ! the lion enters with a dead goat as a present. The serpent also enters, bringing in his mouth a precious stone, which he lays in the country-man’s plate. He next goes to Venice, and finds Vitalis in his palace, feasting with his neighbours in joy for his deliverance. On being reminded of his promise, the rich man denies having seen the wood- cutter, and orders his servants to cast him into prison ; but before this could be effected, the rustic escapes and tells his story to the judges of the city. At first they are incredulous ; but on showing the jewel, and proving further the truth, by conduct- ing them to the dens of the lion and the serpent, where the animals again fawn on their benefactor, Vitalis is compelled to perform his promise. This story, adds Mathew Paris, was told by King Richard, to expose the conduct of ungrateful men. “ In Timberlake’s discourse of the Travels of two English Pilgrims to Jerusalem, Gaza, &c., (1611), we find an account of a great jewel which was taken from a serpent’s head, and used in conjuring. In Alphonso’s Clericalis Disciplina, a serpent is mentioned with eyes of real Jacinth. In the ro- mantic history of Alexander, he is said to have A TREATISE ON GEMS. found serpents in the Yale of Jordan with collars of huge Emeralds growing on their backs. Milton gives his serpent eyes of Carbuncle. A marvellous stone was said to be found in the serpent’s brain, hut in order to secure its lustre and potent influ- ences, it was to be extracted from the living | animal. “ The Draconius, described by Albertus Magnus as of a black-color and pyramidical form, was also I taken out of the heads of dragons, while they lay ) panting. To the snake-stone a popular supersti- tion is still attached in the East. In the narrative | of a voyage in Her Majesty’s ship Samarang, Captain Sir Edward Belcher says : — “ At my last | interview with the Sultan of Guning Taboor, he conveyed into my hand — suddenly closing it with great mystery — what they term here as the snake- stone. This is a polished globe of Quartz, about i the size of a musket-ball, which he described as of infinite value, an heir-loom, and reported to • have been extorted from the head of an enchanted j snake.” Allusions to serpent-stone are frequent in the early writers. We read in the Gesta Rorna- norum that the Emperor Theodosius the Blind : : ordained that the cause of any injured person should be heard on his ringing a bell, which was | placed in a public part of his palace. A serpent had a nest near tbe spot where the bell-rope hung. In the absence of the serpent, a toad took posses- sion of her nest ; the serpent, twisting itself round 82 GENERAL REMARKS. the rope, rang the bell for justice, and at the Empe- ror’s special command the toad was killed. A few days afterwards, as the Emperor was reposing on his couch, the serpent entered the chamber, hearing a precious stone in its mouth, and, crawling up to the Emperor’s face, laid it on his eyes, and glid- ed out of the apartment ; the monarch was imme- diately restored to sight. “ Apropos of the burglarious toad, the philoso- phers taught that though ugly and venomous, “ it wears yet a precious jewel in its head.” Lupton, in his Book of Notable Things, instructs his reader how to procure it ; “ you shall know whether the tode-stone be the ryghte or perfect stone, or not. Elold the stone before a tode, so that he may see it, and if it be a ryghte and true stone, the tode will leap towarde it, and make as though he would snatch it. He envieth so much that none should have that stone.” If swallowed, it was a certain antidote against poison ; and it was usual to take it as a precautionary pill — rather a hard one — before eating. “ In the Philosophical Transactions, vol. vi., p. 21, we find that the toad-stone was supposed, in the Highlands, to prevent the burning of houses | and the sinking of boats, and if the Commander in , the field had one about him, he wpuld either he sure to win the day, or all his men would die on the spot ! A TREATISE ON GEMS. “ The bezoar was a stone procured from the cervi- cebra, a wild animal of Arabia, and was supposed to have been formed of the poison of serpents which bad bitten the creature, combined with the counteracting matter with which Nature had fur- nished it. There was a belief in the Middle Ages that the bezoar was a potent charm against the plague and poison. ****** j “ The wonderful effects of stones found in various j animals are too numerous to mention. The brain of a tortoise contained one that had the effect of j a fire-annihilator in extinguishing flames ; more- over, whoever did at a proper time — having first washed his mouth— carry it under his tongue, felt a divine inspiration to foretell future events. Birds were particularly distinguished for the possession of talismanic stones. The hyaena was very properly hunted ; not, however, for its ferocious propensities, hut for a precious stone in one of its eyes, full of mystic virtues. One of the most curious superstitions, and one which has been a favorite theme with writers of all j ages, is connected with the Carbuncle, or Ruby. Julian has a singular story on this subject, how a > certain widow, Herculia, had tended a young stork j which had broken its leg, and how the grateful j bird, returning from its annual migration, dropped | into her lap a precious stone, which on her awaking at night, lighted up her chamber like a blazing torch. “ Tlie fabulous animal called the carbunculo, said to have been seen in some parts of Peru, is re- presented to be about the size of a fox,* with long black hair, and is only visible at night, when it slinks slowly through the thickets. If followed, it is said to open a flap, or valve, in the forehead, from which an extraordinary and brilliant light issues. The natives believe that the light proceeds from a precious stone, and that any person who may venture to grasp at it rashly is blinded : then the flap is let down, and the animal disappears in the darkness.” The following lines from the journal of Sir Jerome Horsay, who was employed as a special messenger between Ivan the Terrible of Russia and Queen Elizabeth, sufficiently prove the supers- titions that existed with respect to precious stones at that period (1584). “ The old emperor was carried every day in his chair to the treasury. One day he beckoned me to follow. I stood venturously and heard him call for some precious stones and jewels. He told the princes and nobles present before and about him the virtue of such and such, which I observed, and do pray I may a little digress to declare for my * A variety of the fox known as the ooljca-mookhee (Sans. Dwipta- jeeva) exists in Bengal, from the mouth of which a bluish light is known to issue. This is called by the ignorant natives, the “ will-o’-the- wisp.” A TREATISE ON GEMS 85 memory’s sake : ‘ the loadstone, you all know, hath great and hidden virtue, without which the seas that encompass the world are not navigable, nor the bounds nor circles of the earth cannot he known. Mahomet, the Persian’s Prophet, his tomb j of steel hangs on their Rapetta at Dorbent most miraculously.’ He caused the waiters to bring a j chair of needles touched by this loadstone, and hanged all one by the other. ‘ This fair coral and this fair turcas, you see. Take it in your hand. Of l his nature and orient colors put them on my hand and arm. I am poisoned with disease. You see they show their virtue by the change of their pure \ colour into pale — declares my death. Peach out \ my staff royal, an unicorn’s horn, garnished with j very fair diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, and other precious stones that are rich in value — j cost seventy thousand marks sterling of David Gower from the fowlkers of Ausborghe. Seek out : for some spiders.’ He caused his physician, J ohannes Lloff, to scrape a circle thereof on the table, put within it one spider, and so one other that died, and some other alive, then run apace from it. * It is too late, it will not preserve me. Behold these precious stones, the diamond is the j orient’s richest and most precious of all others. I never affected it. It restrains fury and luxury, gives abstinence and chastity. The least parcel of it in powder will poison a horse, given in drink, much more a man.’ Points at the ruby, ‘ ah, this 86 GENERAL REMARKS. is most comfortable to the heart, brain, vigour, and memory of man, clarifies congealed and corrupt blood.’ Then at the emerald : ‘ The nature of the rainbow; this precious stone is an enemy to un- cleanness. The sapphire I greatly delight in ; it preserves and increaseth courage, joys the heart, pleasing to all the vital senses, precious and very sovereign for the eyes, cheers the sight, takes away blood-shot, and strengthens the muscles and sinews thereof.’ Then takes the onyx in hand. ‘ All these are God’s wonderful gifts, secrets in nature and yet reveals them to man’s use and contemplation as friends to grace and virtue, and enemies to vice. I faint, carry me away till an- other time.’ ” The following lines about the supernatural pro- perties attributed to precious stones are also taken from “ All the Year Round ” of the same date : — “ Innumerable were the effects produced by certain precious stones ; among others the Heliotrope had special virtues. It was called by necromancers the “ Babylonian gem,” and if rubbed over into the juice of the herb of its own name, it rendered the wearer invisible. In the Middle Ages, the Helio- trope which contained many red spots, were highly valued from a belief that the blood of Christ was diffused through the stone. The Moonstone was, as its name implies, venerated from its supposed lunar attractions. It is one of the prettiest, though most common of precious stones in Ceylon. Pliny des- cribes it as containing an image of the moon, A TREATISE ON GEMS. 87 “ which, if the story he true,” he observes, “ daily waxes, or wanes, according to the state of that luminary.” Chalcedony hung about the neck, dis- persed sadness, and if a person carried one perfor- ated with the hairs of an ass run through it, he would overcome all disasters. Crystal dispelled witch-craft. The Chrysophrasus gladdened the heart, the Chrysolite expelled phantoms, and what was more servicable rid people of their follies. The Onyx, in the Middle Ages, was believed to pre- vent ugly dreams by night, and law-suits by day. < The Jasper was a charmer of scorpions and spiders, and was worn as a talisman by the Roman athlete. j Burton, in the Anatomy of Melancholy, tells us that, “ if hung about the neck, or taken in drink, it much resisteth sorrow and recreates the heart.” The same qualities were attributed to the Hya- j cinth and Topaz. The Crystal has been the most popular of all oracular stones ; a favorite stone was the Beryl, “ which,” says Aubrey in his Miscel- lanies, “ is a kind of Crystal that has a weak tinc- ture of red ; in this magicians see visions.” The custom was to consecrate, or “ charge” them, as I the modern term is, for which purpose set forms > were used, which are described in Reginald Scotts’ Discovery of Witch-crafts. The famous Crystal of that prince of quackery, Dr, Dee, is preserved in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. “ The properties of the Ruby were endless ; bruised in water it was a panacea for all com- 88 GENERAL REMARKS. ! ? plaints ; it had the peculiarity, wherever worn, of discovering its presence by its lustre, which would shine through the thickest clothes. Powdered A- | gate was an infallible remedy for “ all the ills that life is heir to.” Pliny quotes the Magii, as teacli- | ing in Pei’sia that storms could be averted by burn- ing Agates. The Amethyst would prove a boon to I modern tipplers, if, as the ancients asserted, it pre- 1 vented intoxication. The Sapphire and the Eme- rald strengthened the sight, a property said to have been also possessed by the Turquoise ; but it could | confer a still more wonderful gift on its wearer ; I “ whoever,” says Van Helmont, “ wears a Tur- quoise, so that it, or its gold setting, touches the | skin, may fall from any height and the stone at- : tracts to itself the whole force of the blow, so that l it cracks and the person is safe.” The Romans | regarded the Diamond with superstitious reverence I and Pliny tells us that it baffles poison, keeps olf j | insanity, and dispels vain fears.” > | According to ancient authorities, all composite I | substances consist of the four elements — fire, air, | earth and water : the difference between gems and common pebbles being caused by the predominance | of water in the former, and of earth in the latter. j j The water condensed and congealed by the dryness | of the earthy particles was supposed to give to pre- \ j cious stones their brilliance and transparency. Aris- | totle asserted that the first cause of stones was | viscous mud , a sap that shrinks and is congealed by y* A TREATISE ON GEMS. 89 ^ J - . . ! \ cold, in which water predominates over earth : to j these he adds stony fragments and particles of stone, and another special sap, which he calls lapidific sap. Theophrastus taught that “ stones wei'e made of pure, equal and compact substance, after \ its perlocation, the which substance, being in > | certain places become petrified by flowing, or in some other manner.” Avecenna only says mud or foul, stagnant water composes stones. Balopius \ thinks stones to be the produce of a very pure juice. ; Cardan says that “ they are engendered between j the rocks by means of a sap, which is distilled 1 through their concavity even as the babe in the ma- ternal blood.” This last assertion gave rise to a new theory, the object of which was to establish that the engendering of precious stones was not to be attributed to the same causes as that of inert j nature, but that it proceeded from causes absolute- j ly similar to those of animated living being. Boetius de Boot, a physician of the 17th century, attributes the formation of the stones to the almost direct intervention of the Deity. \ The precious stones and pearls are mostly obtain- ! ed from Ceylon, India, Brazil, Australia, California, Siberia and South Africa. ! In the widest interpretation of the term, a gem or a precious stone is nothing but a mineral — hard, of a beautiful color, or absolutely colorless ; usu- | ally transparent, of great rarity and value. Miner- als possessed of these properties have been general- ly divided into two classes — (1) jewels or gems, per- fectly pure ; (2) half-pure precious stones, color- ed or tinted. The first class includes in its province those rare minerals which are distinguished by co- lors at once bright and dazzling, soft and tender ; j also by transparency, high lustre, great density and 5 capability of polish. The so-called precious stones which have these characteristics, but in a much less degree, come under the category of the 2nd class. L ^ I O. " ^TfTWTST l J J *TSP^T ?I<ftS^Tfa: TT^&TW D ^ ti ifa?S5Tf%Wta^T: I ^rrcta^H^ sn^rsrtww: II $8 B tVc% ^tr l crraijRT I t3?rr^fo %■% %, xrffi fore f%WT «fIfTT I I \s^ I t*T ( f%Wt«re Tlfar ), trrrTf 1 ( ^TfoWTST^ ^f«rT" wri ^ren ^ir f%«TTT^T t:w )* *W ( ), <*W ( fonwin:, *rfc*pT, ^reffo *^«rre» ^f^sfhTT w*rer? ), *sfor ^f^n% *«r- ^rff ( ^srterr ), *reiw Tpr^T^ ^ireff ^TWWT 7f^, ^*rfa ( ^gfcriFfi^r^r ^ fo»* ), T% ^TZ «l7TTt*¥ "t |\Q$ I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 91 THE DIAMOND. Translation. 73. The Gods have considered the diamond as the best of gems. I shall accordingly describe it first. 74 The diamond is produced in the following eight places : — Haima,* * * § M«£tanga,t Saurdshtra,$ Paunda, § Ka- linga, || Kosala,^[ Venwa,** or the shores of the Vena-Gangd, and Saubira.ff fm 1 i %rai wl ^ (%t*TC (?tf¥rfosrsi ism$ %% ’Ml etott), <%rt| (%5), C 9 ^ (wfr irteprtft, ftw, ms ), eitH), cf% (TOt«m ), CTJI Tl (TPHsrft % ( %%|<i ctV% (*rKto®r *[^sf M3 em), ^ % ’stw ^,*1* ^M8l * The country of the Himalayas. t The lands adjacent to the shores of the river PampA near the Hrishyamukha mountains in the Deccan. % Surat. § Rungpore, Dinagepore, Rajshahye, Beerbhoom, Moorshedabad, Burdwan, Midnapore, &c. H The provinces between Orissa and DrAvira. IT The modern AjodhyA. ** A tributary of the River GodAvari in the Maharatta country, ft The tract lyiug between the Satadru and the Indus. 92 PWTI rs "• qjT?TWT vflrfsWT Tjw qWfang fqqTarqqqq^TWTqjw ^Vt^t: i * fiT%W. qiqq>Tq?Triqf%TT: qfa-gqTt «taqrp ^T^n: ^fTW ^TT^Jrlftfnr^T: II \Q^ « qfqqnqt fqsrwqft qqjqfq q^fa: i ^wrfat: n \£^ || qTTqJTT I f%*riqrq -q%ar* ^wf<r ff*rcqrq q^qi fqq«z5f ^TT^rfo ^ ^T T^T TtfTT #; ^qj friqTqq VK^T^PJTT ^ ; %W TTWT^ «Tfr ^Vt qq<^T ’ftrTT ■#; q^r ^TTli q^Tq ^Wq ’qqrqrPTT ^ ; *?|qk qft TftT qq^T 'ftTIT ^ W sq q qqiq qp^ q*Tq ^trlT ^ S%1R ^ ^TT qq^T ftflT ^ KW qfqqi q*TTq 'ftm t; ^1%^- Tl^rq- ^ ^TT qq^T ^trlT #, ■^^RT T.W ^WI*I TtHT T* ; qft qq?T ^tm ^ ; ^HRI T& *ftm Tt«TT t; q*W qq^- q qft qq^T tot %, q-qq.T xw Ttm 1 ; qfk qt^rq qfr t^t qq^r 'ftm I, ^qqir VW 'WT^qiT TtrTT t | \3<i | f ^ q%q qr?q #, qj Tt^q- *3^, qnq, qriqii^ qqr qft*: qiq q^ v% *r?Tqq q^i^r fqirq qi\qi ^ I I 93 Translation. 75. Tiie diamonds of the Himalayas are slightly copper-colored, those found on the shores of the Venwa are lustrous like the moon, those of Saubira resemble in hue the white lotus or the silvery cloud, those of Surat are copper-colored, those of Kalinga dart golden rays, those of Kosala are yellow, those of Paunda, sable, and those of Matanga, yellowish. 76. According to persons versed in the know- ledge of jewels, diamonds vary in the preponder- ance of one or other of the five primal elements — earth, water, the sky, energy and the air. A TREATISE ON GEMS. i ofrfta wi ^ (Trnrtl flW ^ M4 I 94 flfujJTTSTT | win 0\ *Tft# fie?: i v< ^*rr: r m if few Tjfe ffhfTJj* w?r ^^nir i •f fbr*r Tn^raft I c\ -v w ^reaj- ^fe^ram n \a« n W^Tt ¥l%wf *TTfe tJTf^«r^ fin*TWT<T | SfipshNw *ftffcraTOre VITWTW II \Q(C fi <TOWT I fer^ *|ferr Va r wt^i 'I", ww ^rfer TrijT ■ftm *“ ; few wsrt ^ ojtt^t tT , «r^ w, W, W^R ’Sffe ftrlT •f^ I \9\9 I fei*5 ■^i^t'srtt ^rfw w fa^ihr, ^fe^r aferni Tt?iT ^ ; ferw wy ’srfw 'Si w 'ffei TfeT t* : ^sfe few wrerair *fe s Sj wi^T %, w ^hn - ^twt> fff^Tn ^wTr TtfTI ^ I \8K I fw^w ^srfeT , snr ^fa*R t, wsrr *fr *nw 3R, W TTWT t ; fe* *TTO *fe ^fesfi w Yfei *trw to* *wt sfe, ?nr *fc sftfer to Tfe i *4. i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 95 Translation. 77. The diamonds in which earthy matter forms the base are thick, while those in which water preponderates are dense, smooth, cool and transpa- rent. 78. Diamonds mainly composed of the sky, are exceedingly flawless, clean, and sharp-ridged ; those having for their base, energy, are almost always blood-red ; and those preponderated by the air are exceedingly light, sharp-pointed and rough. 79. The wearing of earthy diamonds leads to universal dominion ; and the watery kind brings contentment, riches, fame and renown. i o\ w flro <7i^ w, fats i ^ i «2tt«rtCTT ftw 's vffr t<2t ^$1 «t1t^ ; ^ TtI3 <£it*rRj (7ft ftw Rf% ^ ^3 Mb' I ^TtfHsT wt® ^ 5 i' s wt, *1*1 'Q «rt® ^ i i f*n*TTWT?! I **nra: *«r? fqf^T^wm i JTfTTTT: faVTT'ffTW q^ctfhrT'S^'fr rf^TT HW TTO^npiTfcprcr *f N 'sr ft^rf rrsrCsi *qre*i?r •ajWT^T WT^f*nTTtf <r^ vrr^nnww frafri: TO^fa n <tt5w: i fa* t, 'tHt *r^* ^rt^rtfl fsro 5 ?te ; fa* ^TT^T^T ^3T *fa* #, «* SiT^* **Tfa *T* *far • fa* TtT* **T3iT ** ^rfa3> t, ** TtTT *TT"T 3(7:*% tfcTP?, Sffacf, Tf% I I wr TtTT **c*, fw?**, wt^*, *^*T$ W*TT«T 'FtrfT #, vvtv *TZqrtnr- fW, <rfa*T7:, W?*W ^rq-^ ’ftrlT ^ *T$T* TT^iT’ar qT<TT T ; 3¥ Tt^T *tT* 'W \ I ^ifc ?ft^TIT 'SHT VTTW q}T^% *^faT fag ^t^i fag** st^tT^x fwq *g ftm # 1^1 A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation 97 80. The airy sort give heart and gracefulness ; and the skyey diamonds bring about the possession of all kinds of wealth. The use of energy-prepon- derated diamonds adds to puissance, heroism and hope. 81. Those diamonds that are white like hailstones, the Kunda flower,* white clouds or the moon, pos- sessed of six or eight corners and sharp-ridged, that have originated from water, and that shine even in darkness, are the acme of excellency. 82. The wearing of a genuine and sharp dia- mond leads to instant cure from snake-bite, and proves efficacious in neutralizing the effects of other poisons. toi; I baSFT C'fHj, 'S I k-o | >§foprfa; "siwto'S frf% «ttrr, c 7 ^ i ^ i ^ to, %'S *fWl <2ft^ ^IKI ^Pf I * Jasaminum Multiflorum or Pubescens. M *T^TI 0 \ ’Sf^TT’^T TO* fH? 3 *^tT*T | <t^j TOfckn girreifa II n ah' i^t tir w fwtsfq *?: uf%: i to 3*TO ^ tpi: II ^8 I a^rafrofae; ^gf 4*r. i sffTnft wWra^IW f^RPrW II ^ H i 3 j Cl^Hl I srr t\xj *rte tot% ^r^T^r *$tz | «\ ^’Tii ^T^r ^PhT^r* ^fk ^T’sr ’ttctt •#, ^ '€' KT $K #, ^?k q%T^$ Wl frokt I ^S ^ 1 1^ I ^ft •tki xxx to, *rc*r ^r, *rc* ^ ’^k *pw TO f^T ^n^, ^fk ^ wz TT^fa ^x Tt «TT5[» *f *JT TKT pf*T ^ I ^8 I w'stoto fro v TOrci etr^rw, ^f%, tot, ^k ^ ^ TOUT ^TtW STT^TW, ^fw, ^k ra *nft T1\X cfqr t, 'gTO J C\~ x ^ | ^TWW f%TOT l?’ I ^<ij A TREATISE ON GEMS. 99 X Translation. 83. A diamond which is refulgent like myriads of suns, while deliciously cool as numberless moons, which illumines even palpable darkness, is excel- lent, and proves a panacea as soon as worn. 84 The diamond which, on being thrown into hot water, milk, oil, or clarified butter, extinguishes the heat, is coveted by the gods. 85. Like men, diamonds are divided into Brah- mins, Kshetriyas, Yaisyas and Sudras. The dis- tinctive features of each caste I will now set forth. i c i ftai erf# strto w CTtf frcckfl ttf% (7ft ffcpp qw ^ £tTO OTTO *ttf% ^(|W| ct ftal ^ bs*r ti ito tot ftfer ^ ^wl farW to, (7^ fto* afwtfroti i vs i ^TTO<1 TO ^*1, four's *jar <4$ Ftf* £fTO 1 wi? froft Wttfw wl I ** l ' : ■ I ■v " . JTO5FTI f*nrg Wf t&WCW9*n«R[Wff: ll o *§T TIT TM1 WWT *ft«TT ^T II ^ 11 ^T^rtfri I ^Wgur^T falTWT^ ^KWTf^ II a cIOWT I Wt 'sVt Iff ^ ira*W, ^ fkT cTr^T^W # ; ^ 'fkT WTW > * tff ^rtw^^wpr^ww, «nVhcT^RW^; 'wfaT si?T TtTTTf^ WPT OTTO?, ?T? 'sfal ^ ; S3 'sfk ^?Ht irf^TT m? VkT *r^- «rw^ I ^ I Wr^TPrl WT^TT ^HIW WRT TW5TW ; $QTO ¥T*?T ffaW ^C ^«li WT^TT Tf^T I c$ I 3J% ^T*T» ^ TTWT^ WTO WTOT ^ fiTrSTPTO ’sHt WKW ^ ww ^TTm ? icc| ' m Translation. 86. Diamonds white like the conch, waterlily, or crystal, are Yipras ( Brahmins); those which are red like the eyes of the hare, are Kshetriyas ; those which are verdant like the cool plantain-leaf, are Vaisyas ; and those which resemble in color the cleaned sword, are known as Sudras. 87. The Brahmin, the Kshetriya, the Vaisya and the Sudra, cast around white, red, yellow and black gleams respectively. 88. The fruit which is reaped through the cele- bration of various sacrifices, munificence, and the austerest devotion, is also gained by wearing supe- rior Brahman diamonds. ^ *TtYl ifwf, '5t?l ^1%l ^11 I w-lm, hr# 's ^ Ftf? fm C^\5, 'Q fwf itn j m i w, ?ft> 'q | cs «TT» ^C?R, ^*1 wr eft# i v* i 102 *T^WI C\ ^W^rT^WWT?ft2r qw ^*f?r II H *sw[$ w*raT <r^5f w^r ir*r tot to \ l $fro: trfcr^w^i farom^- ^toth n <5° II qrtTOTftm w*r TO*rrenT*r^! I ^TTTO *TTTOm II <51 II to t^T^fq qfo re: ift^r: I TOKT^ fTOTTTt qiT^ff TOfwtq II <5^ B cR5WI I fro% 'zw to?tt # » TOii wt qirsf^ ^nsrere, q^reiTO% to^t srrsr 'TfaT ^ l «e. I Wt aTTOT •prfW TOTO ^R^fit «bt, w titot toijto, TO^arf, ^\x TO^ft ’rtflT I I <5° I *ttot is tt^to vrew qR, to to w ^srl TOhlwft, *ttot*st ^TTf^T wffWT^ Ttq; i <®^ I TrtTO sws ^fci tTOr qftanft qir^ q>\q ¥ ; ^?R WTO fa^TT %vht tfa ¥ 1 <5^ I A TREATISE ON GEMS, 103 Translation. 89. The better sort of the Kshetriya class bring about uniform success, accession of power, and destruction of foes. 90. First-rate diamonds belonging to the Vaisya caste are productive to their wearers of wisdom, cure, fame and skill in the elegant arts. 91. The higher order of the Sudra class induce benevolence in their master, and make him hale and wealthy. 92. Diamonds set on gold are an acceptable offering to the gods. They are classified according to color. fwsi, Art’ll * i s>° i <3 ^u, cn ^rf^ 5 <2tt^ i twt’ffs i a* i i ' ****m.'y' 104. . *7^ i «v " gf%TT: I ^wf: II n ^ «r^ w ^WhTffNt tfw- ^Tsbw I *r: gt wt 'sf^T^faRTir: Uesil i;*n«rrfr x ^4*rwfat I ^R?ft ^TT^T'srr ^ rFTh*f n £-*dL ll fr^sfm i ^l^r, ^^tt, fcrf^r ( *Phrr ^^tt faforr) <rR% TOR sgR WJT3iTW VW ^TO vtfll % I •TTTRW, TOW, T% ’Srfor, TO , wk ^xg TW W KW TOlfTOTWW W ^TOT t l<«^ | TOt towr wwg^ir tot ^rw ww, w ww tor mf, ’WTOT WWgki wwr 'rkw to* gt TOkfare wHt trtt wk?Twt w^rtto t I £8 I 'WTO froft TO ’TtTO W TOTTOT VW ^TWT «TT%, <it ww wk^ft ttwt grcw to tofti t, wfro w WT W^fT W ^[TJ TO^W TO^ *ITTO Wff towt i *.<*. i A TREATISE ON GEMS, Translation 105 93. Diamonds are generally green, white, yel- low, brown, copper-colored or black ; and the classes are presided overby N&rdyana, Varuna, Indra, Agni, Yama and V&yu respectively. 94. Of the six classes, those that are red like the China rose or coral, or yellow like turmeric, are productive of good fortune to princes. 95. They can wear a diamond whose hue is a medley of all the colors enumerated above, but never diamonds of diverse colors at one and the same time. c«Ttf^ < 4 % ii < 2 t ; $T3 i 4 ^ Itltl 4 !, W 4 !, <R 'S itl, <4% cwwl i ^ i H efttl I 4 ff#t^ ft?OT IWT wrt- *nti *irti | ^8 i 'SlYl iWtTi Cl flU Itl 4 l ^Rc^s R^¥ <iiwl Rf^i *(1^*1 <fR- FTC H I St-ct I i H C?TW1 W IW 4 !! <41° 'S^pitCI W W 4 ^ 106 JT^JT | 6\ " ^^TTWTriT fHr I aw *R wet ^wcfnj^t *ra: ii *.$ II ^rci^r ^ i ^^^^TiftWTUT 3^T3RSTT $WTt II £\S II iwr: ttw ^WT^TTfrr Tr*?tfw?n: I WT«fT fk% *VT*t TW^tf^%: II II ^RTTt^niT <TWT I iftwunTT W 1WT: ^TrTT: 1 ti. II <r^5iwr i fsr^r mire ?n^nr* *f*R» tag ^tx ^ WTWWT T?% 'ftrft t, ftflrcrTO ^r*ft*r w^w ■rt^T Ttm t ^ TftT *r^zri % I £-^ I ^rsr^TT^P <TT ( ^TZt ^fa^TZ) WR *TR ( ifc^T wiz ) *ifT> ^t«t, Tfhprai *R?^T Ttm t I «.\8 I ^srcn^Ri *r%?i trt^ trN - ^tg ’sfK ^R WT3T <T^*T f^3TT I I ^ I w^w, 'fT^rr, ^nzf ^rfa *nz, fft^rTirarj 'sfK ft4^<TT 3T?t qN iw ^tfTT % I ££. I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 107 Translation, 96. As the promiscuous intercourse of one caste with another gives rise to mixed castes among man- kind, so it is with diamonds, the mixed classes of which are fraught with great troubles to man. 97. The qualities of being six-cornered, eight- sided, twelve-edged, high, smooth and sharp, dia- monds bring from their quarries. 98. Persons skilled in the knowledge of jewels enumerate five good, and as many bad qualities o' diamonds ; and have also mentioned four kinds oi shades as proper to them. 99. The qualities of being six-cornered, light sharp-edged, and pure, as well as the state of having eight equal sides are the five good properties oJ diamonds. ^ t ^ ^tfeusirl ftani *ft& <w<r •ft? i ** i i 108 qftmPjlT J O. q;fq ?fN^^rrT* qqtffarq' ^ qqi^ qqq^ta' I qqfqq qfq qq?r^qq q W l^o®| ^csfe W ^ H^I^rT qm* q q^jqi qq’ ^ "* \$ '"■ qTfaisf^q^qqqT^qTqqfq qiqf q%q v ^fqqq^tesTqqrq ^ i %°% q^^mi I qj\ ^t firs^, w^w gw, fqq?*r qrafq q^q qiqf, rfte *rre, q<rr fqfai^ ^T^rr ^T^r qrc^TT, qqrqq, qfk qqiq ^ttvtt ftssir, qqT ^fci q^ vx q^q qiqjq §■ I % ®® I q^q ?Twr, q^qq qq qw, ^rhit, qqTq* qiz, Tft^wT^r, qrwfq qzt^TT, fax, fw^T, <^q, qqqq^, q^T. q#t qq qjiqqfwq, , t 5 fti sffz <ttt% qqTq fqq W?q q%, ^qt qfqqq qrqq: ^qqiqiT qiq TfqT i \°% i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 109 Translation. 100. The diamond which is free from defect, six- cornered, pure, shai'p, possessed of an agreeable color, light, beautifully shaped, flawless and iris- gleaming is a rarity in the world. 101. The place where there is even a particle of such a diamond as is sharp, equal-sided, exceed- ingly light, possessed of an excellent color and of other good properties, and free from Hckha, Vindu, Kalanka,* Kdkapada, Tr£sa, &c., is certainly fre- quented by the gods. i (71 ftW «rt?, *1^^ <2N ^ CT«2T^ fftvs I ^ 00 I ^ (7H1, '« ^rtfw (Tf'frM^ ^1 *1 <t ^t 4 J5f^m: e l (71 ^t(7T sffiTF, <71 OTWtfetl I *0 I * A dark spot. 110 I JTWR - ! C\ ^ w. ***r *r*r‘ I J H *rfaf^£fw *tt^t*t: *rfj qw*7rcf?r i Tw*nr ’fcfrwfatq-^ \\ %*$ | gtrsnr^* fq*w i *rw n ^®8 I) TT*TT ^ ^^Tqi^T ^T^ffH^nTt- ^<T I W**[ ^T^5T ^TWT «Rf?r ^T^T^r II \®y[ II JTC5WTI ^Ttit^TT, 'sqfc 3hft* ^TT *T?PT <T%^, W% %<T^ fr^T «ftfTT TiTTT, ^ffl5 f^T fforT, ^HTTTj IPT, ^I^, aft ^K qi^T TTlf%« ^M- ^ X^r{ miX, U c ^ I srt ’sVt fTT^T^ rUR^ xnfnr^T WT^TT, *T«r TWt^ tj q^if af^rf TRil^T * I %°k I *ft 'Ttn «ranr x *i*, ^raftrfawft arr ^ W, W*fi>T, WSTTf 'STT^TT, TTTfcqT ?TT<TT Tt, ^1% T*% xmm ^TRTT t^» *nft tItt q%^^ ttwt qftq ^rw sianr ^rt q^arri * n°8^°yu A TREATISE ON GEMS, 111 Translation, 102. The man who carefully keeps about him a sharp-pointed, spotless and genuine diamond, is blessed with the life-long possession of riches, good fortune, sons, corn, kine and other beasts. 103. The diamond which crowned with every good property, floats on water, is the very pink of perfection ; and the use of such a gem is attended with greater good. 104-105. The possession of such a diamond as is exceedingly flawless, impervious, six-cornered and light to a degree, as forms the rainbow on being exposed to the sun, and as does not sink in water, renders a prince victorious over every enemy. «r, c’ti * *rt« *ttca i i <ti ftw wf ^?i i i o,s i g i ftw *rf%- *ng> wf f® <2Fo1 fwfa WC3, «rfa*i Wt^ 4 ! W *t3FC^ ^ ^f^® wf ^ I I I A TREATISE ON GEMS Translation. 113 106. The diamond which has originated from water, which weighs one tola* and which is trans- parent as the dew-drop on a blade of grass, is worth ten millions. 107. Even a diamond which is cracked, spotted, striped, discoloured, or otherwise defective, leads to wealth and increase of children, if it possesses the power of forming the iris. 108. The sovereign who wears a diamond possessed of the good qualities mentioned above, and laughing like the lightning’s flash, attains to universal dominion. CI*tl 'Q hpKl ^vaiTtfW C*Ffa- ffw ftW <2f«1 \®t^ts fs f «R, *ftW, 'S TO I >0 I (7i <rtwt w CTVftMft ftW ^*1 4t^H I I * A weight of gold or silver, calculated at 12 mashds, Jeweller’s Weight, and equivalent to nearly 210 grains ; but actually it is of the same weight as the sicca or 179§ grains. — Williams. i o Q/f** — n 4 JTWI 0 \ *i€t f%^WT wtw: I tt?t ^t: TOrerrm: w tow *rrfa^: n * <*<« n *tir wf^r^ffiT ^mT TOHbrnF* i «(fstfr ^tf?r: w n n trfrwTff Hfwrafa: | ^rwi^Tm «U? 11 Ttr^r I a fW^Ti q%<T WgtrfT, f%ZT, fWT, q|W JT^K% ^Rii WJ Wi% Trt V I ^®£- • wf%W T^% *R Tt?lT if , fwz^TT ^T% q%?;Sir ^WTO 'rtHT 'T, fWT^K q%T$*J WfTOT W 'WtTTT #, ^Tf^n^TT T^T q%T%*T ^tot W 5 ?i 3:^ v ^ ^Tq^fa^wnr ^t q%^i" •tt - 3 t«rV wra 1 1 U° I TtTW ^fr 1 %zt if, ireF$^it fq^» ’WTq^', qfcr?r qfo wqrafa ^Tt ’wt* u^th; Ttm 1 1 I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 115 ^ DEFECTS OF DIAMOND. Translation. 109. Authorities in matters of precious stones mention five bad qualities of diamonds ; namely, mala * vindu,\ rekhd,% trdsa\ and Icdkapada . || 110. The first defect causes impurity, the second brings down destruction on the wearer, the third renders him apprehensive of snake-bite, the next infuses constant fear into the mind, and the last leads to ruin. 111. Diamond spots are divided (according to the respective character of each) into four classes, namely ; vindu (or the spot proper), dvartci, pari- varta, and jabdkritiSk C3«ti, aiH 'e *br ^ tfsral i i fiw ^*ini n> i ^ F^f^t ^rl «ttc^ i i » Impurity. t Spot. t Stripe. § Fear. II Crowfoot. < 5f?C i rhf i *if*R wm; ftw If Literally, that which is shaped like a barley com . i c\ " J 3 * ■ kw ^ qfcqq^ ^wr qq ^Tffm: # U ^ 11 fwis’q-q ^^T^rwrrf TO*Tf^$«T i qftq^ ^q^ifalq a ^ ii TWf^r ^ ^TrT ^TSW^f fq^TIT | $q qkr f ^Rrf ^rsnniw I q;q vh?i: OTromr ^qfq^kiNnr: II n« ll qrerai i fq^ ^gfrT fl?7T ’¥ “, ^Hf^T^TT f^'¥t ^Tq^T qi¥?T $\ TOfTO TWqW f^TP3Rt qftqiT 3iW $*, qfk TIW qfq fq^TCt ?'lU^ I 'fkT f$7^R 4*, ^JR ^qfa ^knpft 3TTIT qR?IT ^ ? ^Tq^T ^q^R TR 1 ^ q3?or TT^fR^T qffa qqqj qRrTT # , qftqqT qiqq^R *t^ir fqqj^ qw ^fa *Rraf?r ^qq^R Ttq% ’qqq TtaT I I \%k I qfqp??% ^rlT^R ^3% ^T5?T«T fsHTT^T YTfft *TT’3T qR> ^fk q^RT $qr> trt qfk ^*r qre «st I *rq f%^% *q 'qqq ftm 1 1 i% 8 i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 117 - Translation. 112. A blood-red, circular spot is a vindu, a circular spot situated in the middle is called an dvarta, a simple red speck is entitled a parivarta , while a Jabdhriti is a blood-red mark shaped like a barley corn. 113. A oMMftt-marked diamond is inimical to life and property ; an dvarta - spotted one gives rise to various fears; a parivarta - specked and a jabdhriti - spotted one are fraught with disease. 111. According to some, if the barley corn -shap- ed speck is red, it is destructive to horses and elephants ; and when it is yellow, loss of family dignity and of wealth and curtailment of life are the consequences. I TO#, TOt^I *lfWs 'S ftw TO[. 'G «R TO TO, TO#-CTOf- fo® TO TOW « WWtff#- ^tWW? ^itTOTffwW^W* I | TOt^Q to 'Q totw fwTO<F ^Ws <WTx WTO^BfTO¥ I wto cTO ^ n*8 1 jqfjnirreT i qqqi C\ ^ qaprqr ^ti t^ti qiqqqT qq^^t I ^T T^T mimR T II A q^nrs^T qr w^t ^t qftqtfqqi I t^t qsqfqqTirrc wT^fj- qqq=gqT n ^ n q3JT W^^RtT q t^T T^17Tlf*T^ I q^TT qrafa^x ifqT qroq^T qqf^T I ’’nwsreR w?t w^r qaffq: i u^9 II q^sWT I fqT qq^ TT’C'S q\q, qt qq qqq qq i;q> qR fTT^ t^T ^ttr, ?rt q3?q cH^T qq^T qq, *rk fqq/q^q qki qi^r qjqq qq fq?: qtqq qqqrcqT q\q qtq I u^L I q’ftq qt fq* qg^q q^ qqjq qtq, qq w^t qqxt%* *?fc #^t Oran^r qiT q**q faqi^qi qrcq ^ftm 1 1 u ^ i w^r fq^nq qr^n; qjq qqq qfa, <ft q?qq $qqq qjqq qqq qq^i q^, ^f%w q^q z^t ■ rtq, qt ftqqqi qnr qq ^ fq^T ftq, <rt ^qgfq q^Tq I I Translation. 115. If the above-mentioned stripe appears in a bent form on the right side, it is productive of good consequences ; but the same appearance on the left occasions various fears ; again, the streak which looks like a cleft renders one liable to blows from weapon. 116. That stripe in a diamond which resembles a bird’s wing is termed chhedd. This mark brings about loss of friends. 117. When the chhedd mark is visible in a crooked form on the left, it leads to dissension with kindred; a like mark on the right side entails loss of wealth, and if pointing upwards, brings on difference with friends. I w r to to, TOfro w rtc* r TO to 3 TO e i ^t, (7i TO %TO *t#l CTO (TTt cro ^5 (7i cTO (TtRit® TO, TOIitf CTO to, (TO | TOft I I cto wiroTO wto TO3; wf^*lWl TOtft ( -W to nvu 120 nfeRpjir i I Os ^ ^ynf^lwrnE Wf STOP! ^T?T n u* ii *T*THI* ^TJT^TTW ^TtT^ | SfiTf^rNfa^ ffaTC 5T IWTW fl«T II || faWTfjfl^r. ^ ^T*r I ^ ftai tjwt: iftwr ^T"it ii \R° <RSWT I tr Tte, ^ cjft ^f%^T ^ VTOT^ WT cfilfTr %, ^ tT*T tKt ^^iT *4«TT*T 4^ "§te I U c I fa* *T**T f%^n?T, fa??RT -TZ\ ^\rr, ^T *ff 'ffal ^’ffa *«rf?r ***T, *fal*TC> ^TT *T§.T «rR rRi? **sp*iT ^T 3R^RT % I U^. I fa* ^cfq* ^TSRt ZZT **^JR ** H*^T 'ffa, "V N J ^ ' **=?rt ^t* ^ %'> *T*fnr ^tt , ?**r *^r *RT* *T* ^wfrT *RT ^frRT^T TTf^rit^ rir?% f%^frl ^ffc f**r t I U°l A TREATISE ON GEMS. 121 Translation. 118. The spot which is like the claw of a crow as well as dirty, is called kakapada. Death and ruin are near the man who wears a diamond marked with Icdkapada, and a stranger shall lord it over his home. 119. That diamond, the top or any side of which has been rifted, which does not show a leaf- like arrangement of parts, which is devoid of lustre and which is globular, is not only void of any good property, hut is positively productive of a variety of evils. 120. The mark the existence of which in any diamond imparts to it an air of apparent brokenness, is denominated trdsa. Such a diamond always gives rise to fear. These good and had qualities of dia- monds have been described by Raja Soma. (71 TO TOiTOTO fiTO* TOfiTF TOTO (TO TO I TOTO-cTO-^> flw TO 4 ! to, TOft TOTO, TO^: i a ti cTO TOi cTOre cTOTTO, (Ttftw ^ TO1 C^ftCTO Tor i i C\ fi^TOI ftsJTOF ^#R11 TOT, TOft^TO to, TOsTOtfw ?i#n TO fTOu to to i (TtfTOw^F fro? C£l^ TO i r RfturraT l I J 1WI C\ - m ^ fsTFt!«TT I 6 Tjme^fa <r^ ^sfgrfwg^ n B TOraSr: i NJ & ^ ?it% ?r^TT^ fwRU^npTTCr fror llv^n S?TT I ^ flvr ^fr^fq ^fqrTTirf II ^ ^B cfrswx i f%*T T^T ^T*TT TUb ^t ftrsfftw Tte, XX ^rf N \J N ^fn, XX rITf<:^t %T^T 'T^xr, XX\ XX^ ?Vi ^rq^i *tt^t ^T'f^WTt^t xixt xwx qra ^Xs?jTT ?T3TTf%qf xfx i %^% l ^T^rqiT f?*5T qrrzi, ^ri 5 zzt ^ x\xxj f%^T xRf%*r 'rtq;, £ *r ■ski t 5 ^ ^fWrf€t X% qi^WT^TT 1 1 %\\\ fm\ ^TqiT €tt fw*T xT5?i fwz% ^¥T?T t%'3TT*T WJfT 'ftxr, «IT <f;*r fxx^T *rar$ fwz% *TTT Tfe, XX 'sfr? *Tlir ^*fNT *ftrr?fiT wr N .t i ^ i A TREATISE ON GEMS, 123 Translation 121. The diamond, the peak of which shews breaches, or which is decayed, no man who seeks his welfare should keep in his house, although it should be otherwise furnished with every perfec- tion. 122. A diamond, the face of which is cracked, whose top is rent, and whose centre is full of dirt, can deprive even Indra of His highest Heaven. 123. If any diamond is marked with a blood- red spot, or if it is throughout red-spotted, it brings a speedy death to the most hale man. (71 *5$F Tl f¥K 5T| I I cq ffac** ¥f&i, ^ f¥H w- ftW "5RI w i i (TTtf^rcf C*ft CtW ^ w TO* i qfarcnqT i jw^wi c\ '■* qqq" qfaqi Wffq qiV^frr I WWW W TTtft jfq qfaq qqWfq It ^ 811 qqi qq^qt ^Tft ^T 5q*T qq 3T I qq fqfqfqqi-ii q qW q^gqyq | ^1 fwtnT qq^Tq ^JTl^^RlW ^[ep£ I q^qtq qqqpp ’^JfiWr ipnnf^ir^ n II qsqwi I wt ^kr qf?ir iwgm qqvKi str, 'qk qp qtqq q^qT^ qq qkq qyqq qq^T qk, h q^ qrfn? q*k q=f qqq qi^fr qi t%, qt qqT ^tt vr?qq q^qyqq qqqq qf%> fqqfqirq ^qq^ q^j q*ft qqqq qpr qfV 1^8 1 fqq N qkq qpqq qq wt^i^q qqrqq qftq qq^T 5 rtq> ^iip q-ff q?k ^ fqq fqq qp, q? ^Vj q'fiqq wmq» Ttq, ^ qpw qqq> qqqqq TPqr qqifqq qf? ; qfk qft qkT qfrqqq qi^t, q^Tqq Tpqrc, q^q^qqq, q^ 'fkT qiqrq> fqqt qrtq qVqy qfaq qf%* I I fqqqkrt ^kT WT^ST* qk'kT *?kT q^q v rR/fq qkqrr, qN^twr 'wfaT q^qqi qpw , rte> qfk w^krr ^fkr w*r q^qT^rr 1 1 % ^ \ qqqy $q qqqqr* q q^rcqq qq: n li 6 A TREATISE ON GEMS. 125 Translation. 124. The diamond which at first appears possess- ed of good qualities, but which on being set on gold,&c., betrays defects, should never be selected for ornamentation ; since a thing devoid of good pro- perties should never be used for such a purpose. 125. A diamond the touch of which causes swel- ling in a wound and an increased sensation of burn- ing in a fever and which brings on a sensation of fainting, is a bad gem and must not be treasured. The diamond which is rough is not acceptable to kings, although it may be weighty. 126. A three-cornered diamond gives rise to quarrel, a four-cornered one occasions various fears, a five-cornered one brings death, but a six-cornered diamond is productive of good. i ct r c'tMfefvs ^rl tfrapf ftwwfsl wte Mt*i wH W ^ I ^8 I wus c*tt«r, ^ <4<[° ^5f <K*b < 7 \ ^(1% ^ ^ *t«n wit i a w, (7f fiw I I fern ftw srffl w^t«i fm ftw faffa i ^ i ^rqrnnr l ’SWT^TfTr: *fcnr v&r ^ 0 126 TT^TJPr | o s q^jir TlWfTt' ^TH^t 7TWT I ^ «fr <TOWT I ^fcrgTT*!T% *TrT^ =?Kt ^t *rttw, ^Vr »tt' 3T qrc3*r*nr, ^tt t^T^> qt^srai *re^r qrc^- ^T \ \\^\ W^3iT ^TT TT^T*? TC^NtTOT, *T?^r*T T^T *iWt ^T^W TkT ^T^T T I * ^ I ^Wnftaf ^T ^T 7r^ srr’fi^ •^r’ltfi ^r v?Nt ^Kt f:w t^T^T» qTfrrr 'rftT Wifpr TtW ^T^W, SSTT^W ’flTT ^rT ^:w t^T^TT» 1%T, ^T f%27?R TtU ^RTTW t ; *f%ir W ? <R% q^W 3i^T ^Tfqqi # I ^<e I fq^T^r vr% ^r q»4if ‘ ?T5r TOfTOgJpg fq^qTTlWrf^^T^ ^RT II H A -A A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 127. A two-layered diamond, (says tlie Agni Purdna,) brings about quarrel, a three-layered one is destructive of happiness, a four-layered diamond is productive of it, and a five-layered diamond oc- casions grief. 128. A six-layered diamond causes fear to kings, a seven-layered diamond is mortal,* while an eight-layered one is surpassingly pure. 129. Since a shadeless diamond is fraught with danger, a dirty diamond with grief, a rough diamond with unhappiness, an unfeeling diamond with in- toxication, a black diamond with various troubles and a rekha-maxked, a vindti-mavked, or a hdha- j)ada-spotted diamond, with death, it behoves a man to wear diamonds after minute examination. i f^t«T f^f«r i m i fiw ittwwnr f^fK ftw fm ftw c*rtr- sfWfa ^m e \, fm m°s a*ti « ^1 W1J I I * Used literally ; L, mortis , death ; Sanskrita, win, to die. nfinflFST 1 128 c\ ^ sjpSRlfa ^ ^farf I Vi TTOJSnt**? *TT*T ** *W?I «T «TT II II *¥<ftsfa 3T I ^T^IT^rl^ft WT 5T frfolff II II *T«f ?a?^ | w> ^ TMT^j ^«T^f I II ifsrisftfw wwt g*nfrf*rc*r I ■*T5^ *W*tTT*T II H *rti ^lihir %, ^ «TT^T^TT^ %f^ ^ v TtT^T ^T*T t %&R WTT^T; Mt ^f% TT *nWT I I <5Tt ^T TO?T N ^Nft %, ^fk TO to *&*TOnr s *faT*ta, *JT WT^T 'ffo TOT ’fk^T ^pr WTO3 *ft3iTTO^ TO^TTO totto 5jf¥ #1^0 fTO v TOTO 'ffcT ^T Till, TO TO 7T%^TT tott *rr^TT Tte> *to to*rt ^r* to?*t vnrfonr I \^l ^TTR'fVi fro TOnT v ^:w*ft $ , TO *fiTTO '?k% ^T'ST TO fro *JTTOT cTTSWTI ^ ^ n^i A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 130. It is doubtful whether those diamonds that are slightly defective, are even half as valuable as flawless ones, although their defects should escape the eye. 131. The worth of those diamonds that pos- sess many bad qualities, although all of them of a trifling nature, is not even a hundredth part of the value of a sterling diamond. 132. The value of such ornaments as are set with impure diamonds is small, although the orna- ments themselves may otherwise be very fine. 133. Defective diamonds are very dangerous to youthful women under conception : the contact of such gems may lead to abortion. I CT Offt'jfw, (TTt Oft3 3^F 31 ^TT ftcfcfo ft3W3 31 33 I W ° C3 C'fWfal^, <43° (7T| 33^ C3t3 31 3^33 ^®t3t3 w *t^»W3 <43^ 3t3p® 3^33 *ftl3 31 I l C3 <5Wft3 C3t3tfaTv5 ftW 3°^ C3^ ^?T¥t3 >5t3t3 33T 3f5rt3J 3^31 3tT3 I ><>3 33, C3C3^ ft?RPK3Ff *#<3^53 i$ rfW 3^1331 I I ■ •, <rm ^ I qjrt^Tfa ssnrfqt: 11^8 ^fTT^qTfwff 4 farT fW^T STTU I qq^i ww qr^T fqq%: 11 ^ u ^TTtwwqiril-^ qira wqf qfNw i ^qq TO^qqfq qw qif?r II % k$ w wrt^* %qfq?qT qq qftfoqrr i I fjfqq qiffl qqsrq II ^ ^ II t : t > qr5WT i j -| fev *Tt¥T, 5RTfwqf, qr^fqqT, qfk i | '■ '/« vf/!’ . qT^qiT q?T% qq 'qtitfq qrftqq' qfTftqq qftqi qf^qt^TT qiqiq %, qqfqq ■rtTT •M; . qq qjT’ei TTTT qkqfT qq*NT qf^T qqi“ fqq # i 1 i wt qfTfq qrn;q, fqqqq qftq ?nqq qq^ faq i 4|l|rife : r>-..' j q^jq Ttqqff q^T •stfq ^ ^tt Tfqq i ■-■■.. i ■■ qwT qnfq wqq qqtqq qq ■wt ^nqqT» q?k fqqqq to** qr^ fqq v qnqqr, irfq?q ^iqq ^tt \ l i • ■’. /’■ - •rtq% qqt qq, qi^qT qfV, qrqfq qqjq *%qT 1 *3«? 1 ftqqt fqqiqrc ^qqq iq q^qr ■ ■ ■ • <,' , wrq qifaq qt^rir qt wzt 'wfcr qq^rc q> qnifrTT, if%q qnqqr 'wHt ^q^qqrqq qqq f q\ qqq^R Tt qfTqqT 1 ^\9 1 > ' i ( y a A TREATISE ON OEMS. 131 Translation. 134 — 135. Skilful lapidaries make use of iron, the ruby, the gomeda (agate ?), the lapis lazuli, crystal, and glass of various colors, in fabricating false diamonds ; therefore, before buying diamonds, they should be first tested by a skilful judge of j precious stones. j 136. There are three ways of testing a diamond ; j 1st, by mixing it with ashes ; 2ndly, by rubbing ; j and, 3rdly, by whetting a weapon over it. A false j diamond is reduced to powder by the first test, and wears away by the second and the third, — changes which can never be produced in real diamonds. j 137. Again, smear a diamond with a mixture of j ashes and acid, and dry it in the sun ; and if it is a j false diamond, it will show loss of lustre on being washed, but a real one will receive additional bril- liancy. I ■ c*rk, ftto TO, 3w?r wTOl f*t# TOTO fTOni fto fiw toil itro R&3t toll TO I >38|>3<t I to 'Q *tt*l <4^ ftltTO toi fm fto to * t T?to to- tol iti, to 's ‘“ft 4 ! tori ^1, fto TOF TO *tftTO flfWtl ton to i >3^ i TOro R?i ftro c*TO ton ^ TO3 ClVs toft?! fto flTO fllTO TO fTO to ftw ■ toft'TOi toroi frtoto tori i >3^ i TO I xmfa ^ I ^5=}ffw fcf%$TO* II if A A 1^<TT ^TWT^T ^fk^m^TT"? I *Nt g ^txf^r: xfx^^m it ^TTf?TT^TTfTf f%f%^ffT ^TlTr fafawfat I |o}‘ f^rerfa *ri^5i f%f%*?r?r ?m a % 8« ll A A A cf£5W! I 5T*rk<TT f^r<T^ f^t%Tr% x& ^t =|" , ^ TriTTUT ^zffi 't , ife 'wkT g»z ?ff% wt i s> ^ I xmx^t qfwti *ra$ ^mx xjx^xx, m TertsRT SfiRW #, %f^R«f ^T T^% W<T mftw **, ^frT <#kT qfiTi 5f^I ^k ^skR^ WT *kfj fTjfk^T XXX '£* I I *rarftr»r 7T ^ti wkik ?ffwTr ^rwtfT *$*T , skT XiZ «TTfTT I, ^k ^TT*R ^kf ^rfkk wz wi??T I, %faR ^k ki’ft ^kR ?rk mzxn i ^8° I A TREATISE ON GEMS, 133 Translation. 138. The diamond can make scratches on every other hard substance, but itself is not susceptible of such impression by ever so hard a thing. 139. Ancient authorities in the science lay down heaviness as the most valuable quality of all gems, but this does not apply to diamonds ; i. e., the less the weight of a diamond in proportion to its bulk, the greater is its value. 140. An unreal diamond can be scratched by a real one, as also the latter by a kuruvinda ,* or by a real diamond, but not by anything else. Treats tI ^ <rtif i i cetera w- *1% 'epfte ftW ^ w c$m tfe i ^ i ffwwfsfl ff^r Itw ^ ^ 'stfe'S ^tw, \af%3 c^t»r *\XU^ I ^8° I I * A kiad of ruby. i c\ " STSITfo ^ cTTriq: | * ?PTt Jrfa^flSTt *TT II %S% II *TTW ^ Trit^T^^T *TT 3 ?i- I faffa?r n ^ 8 ^ M sr»r* 3^ff WTf?w^rn I qf?rfa^f^*nw^sfiTnfr i ® vj V ^mVs^r^TT ’W'fa: fnrf^nftwr^ *rwr n ^ 8 ^ it cR 5 WI I 'sW, *ftf?r, mfwii wsrsfir eft *fT ift I W | sTTlffW ffrlT, ¥^T ^TT^RT ^R ?? ^TT^TTT, f*?RW ^TRT ^R ^tWTT ^R T^T I %$\ I STT^PPpI tKt sTT^TW^, ^*T ^fwt, tag?ror itrr fag^r ^ffc "v^n *hr tt%rt #*m? f*RTftj x^( } *r> *“NjiT w ^ l * 8^1 Translation. 141. When a diamond, a pearl, &c., set on gold , or any other precious metal, look downward, their rays do not radiate upwards. 142. The price of a Kshetriya diamond is one- fourth, that of a Vaisya diamond one-half, and that of a Sudra diamond three-fourth less than the price of a diamond of the Brahmin class. 143. If a king wearing a diamond belongs to the same caste that it belongs to, the circumstance is productive of good ; the reverse brings about dis- ease and grief. ^rtTf i ffeRF, Wl (71 (Ml #1 ^ sri nsi i C<I T&JZS *fln, <4Tn ^51 I >8*1 Ftfa fllFF qWtf* Ftf* oN, ctfttft ^ i *8$ i nfawiwr I qjlpf f qq qqf f 2 qT*s? rRT I q^cqw <rsn<r ^f^rhzr ii % 8 8 11 ^<^t% ^ ^ fw % I qif%¥tfq^qT f%Ht fqqrqqqj is'i II fw^T^Rt ^gqf*f I %qqW qjqt^q* TORT** TpqTt II II Ttr^iT *nT^9fT I cTTSTOT I qi^q 'fkT sqqfrc qrr*q f s, qisi mj ^qT, qR^ffr vta» ^qf%q qf%q qrci q^i? ^qqq Rq^rc qs^r 'qTffq i ^88 l f^q q 'rR^fit q»q^q»lft^q- fwqiT qT^T fq-^T qq ^q* wpr qrcqT qqifaqi 1 1 m i qiqTq TR qTt qqiRq ^TqqiT qfqftq qt^f ^T wqq fqqnqiT <?R q^T ^tfqq ^ , q^T qq»Rq c\ qiq f<^r <^q q*qir t^t qaftfaq *t WT I ^8^1 A TREATISE ON GEMS. THE PROCESS OE REFINING A DIAMOND. Translation. 144. Impure diamonds when used in medicine lead to leprosy, pleurisy, jaundice and lameness. It is therefore highly advisable to refine a diamond be- fore using it medicinally. 145. The process is on some auspicious day to dip a diamond in the juice of kantalc&ri * and then to burn it in a fire made by dried pieces of the dung of cow and buffalo. 146. The burning should be carried on for a whole night ; in the morning the diamond should be put under horse’s urine, and again burnt. By this process of burning being continued for seven days together, the diamond will be refined. ftW 3$,*^ (?m 's «TC(sr ftw < F%I ^#^1 1 »88 | 3p>?T I *8<H Solatium jaquiri 138 flfiffJTF'TT I Sit* ;a-; 5 v mm m§mh, > *£• ’’A-'Vv - '' 1 $ ! MXi *T*W| C\ " f^lrvsr^^ i <nf <nf 11 % m II ^TT^: ^ *®T ^ I ^f%rf ^srctaw* ^?f 7 { wmr. n ^ f^FT W9T g-ft?r xrsfa i f*TW ^ft W\ 8£. II cPCSWT fW lr^ fasrrarc ^fTT riH «?$% Tkr vm ft- ^TTTT I W I TOffini ^fhr ^*fh*5T ^Tf, qrj, sra, Tl 7 ^4k 1^55 ¥% ^fk ^a- VHK fwpcfal WT^tT ^TTTT | ^■r I ^f%^TT tRsrV 7TTW% T^ST ^Trf *ttw (vm *rfj% ^ Tt^r «r?;«u ?y? 1%^ ^If-% ^ wTff ^*k ^Itsrc W*T %tr cj^% ^TJTTfr ^WT^l - ’?* ) q-y^i efi^qy ^yf%ir, «n^ ^S WtT?T^ TTf ^«R TW*TT ^TT%Tj; I ^8<$ Translation. 147 . Then immerse it in a gruel made of kcd&ya ,* into which assafoetida and saindhava saltt also enter as ingredients, and lastly heat it repeatedly twenty and one times. By this means, the diamond will be reduced to ashes. 148. The imbibition of a purified diamond con- duces to longivity, general development of the body, strength, energy, beauty of complexion and happi- ness, and effects cure from every distemper. 149-150. The process of burning a diamond is as follows : — Put the diamond in the juice of kantakdri , place it in an earthen-pot, and placing another over it, smear the two with hard clay and cow-dung, then burn the whole ; this should be repeated seven times. Then steep the l «$5s *$$% ^1 I ^8°) I wtif^ ftowrapr *Htoi «jfl, *r*r, crM *rt% ^ nsH rss «j)r w <rtf*rai vst^trs -8 c*r*f ffai ^ Ttto I ^8S& i * Various leguminous seeds, chiefly of the order Phaseolus. Williams. t A kind of rock salt found in the country of the Sindhu (Indus). Ibid. i • y. 140 jrgg i C\ "■ g wwg tT^ ggrw gwgiggg i 0\ C.\ ^ -s. rTTf * *T3j|N gfrW^ IUy.o fl T% *riW TW. gfa*?| WWjg I "* d aroiWwtf fgg ?i^ ii ^<jU <T?T5WT I g^g> *#H gn^> w* ggrgg w?f ^gr, gig ggjfi *nw gw sgwr 'S’wt fgwi'gT 'tIwt, *N 5q^T5T WftlT, ?P:w% gw whri WT3i WWIrT Vm wt ^TIWTIT I | =#tr^ gg>g% wt ^T^t^TT f% ^Trft I, gw ^gg% ggjg w 5, , wwfgg g^ gT^rtgi wigg ggg g^ig gwfrT wtggi I ^ I sfg wlrgi ggtg i Translation. diamond in frog’s urine held in a pot composed of zinc and copper, and heat it over and over in fire. The diamond will then have been entirely burnt, and can he reduced to powder. 151. Those medicines into the composition of which the diamond dust enters, are like ambrosia ; and the imbibition of these imparts adamantine strength to the limbs. I ^ #© ^rl ^ *tfwrf*r ftw 1%wt- %t1 fert ftw <2t^- ftawapRtfrtFt a ^ TO C*\\ "<N*f TORT TO ^ ^ I 'id'i | tf% ftW I THE DIAMOND Its properties , ||pfHE Diamond might appropriately be called the king of gems. Whether, in respect to beauty, lustre, transparency, hardness or density, there is no other stone yet discovered that can surpass it. In fact it is the hardest of all substances — it resists the action of the file and can only he cut by its own dust. It is known in Sanscrit as the bajra and in the West, was called, in times of old, the Adamant; both the terms signifying hardness. The origin of this precious stone is lost in the mist of antiquity. The imagination of poets has supplied the data which history has failed to afford. It is said that “ Diamond was the name of a beauti- ful youth of the Island of Creta, one of the attend- ants of the infant Jupiter, in his cradle. The God who placed, among the celestial bodies, the nymphs and goat that had reared him, could not leave this youth subject to the ills ‘ that flesh is heir to.’ Diamond was transformed into the hard- est and most brilliant substance in nature.” All the opinions that have been collected as to the origin and formation of the Diamond can he placed under two heads, (a) that it is formed im- mediately from carbon or carbonic acid by the action of heat : (b) that it is formed from the gra- dual decomposition of vegetable matter. Its spe- m3 A TREATISE ON GEMS. cific gravity is about 3’ 5 ; its cleavage, very perfect ; its refraction, simple ; it is transparent and trans- lucent ; infusible, and unassailable by acid. Doubts were entertained as to its combustibility, but experiments made by scientific men, on various occasions, have led to the discovery of the fact that it was only by entirely shutting out the air and therefore the oxygen with which the carbon combines, that the Diamond could be preserved from burning ; whereas, by simply letting in the air of which oxygen is a constituent part, it would burn just as well as common coal. The tempera- ture must be very high to burn a whole Diamond. Small Diamonds and Diamond-dusts can be burnt up in a much lower degree of temperature. The crystalline form of the Diamond is either octrahe- dron (as found in India) or rhombic dodecahe- dron (as found in Brazil). Its magnifying power being greater than that of glass, it is sometimes used for microscopic purposes. It possesses, in addition to its strong refracting properties, the power of reflecting the coloured rays of light. It becomes phosphorescent, on its being exposed to sunshine and remains so until it is removed or even when covered with cloth or leather or paper. It is known to be a non-conductor of electricity, but by friction, however, both in the rough and polished state, it becomes positively electric, though only for a short time. 144 THE DIAMOND Where found. The ancient authorities seemed to agree in con- was first supplied to them, but none of them could point out the particular locality where it was first discovered. Pliny says very vaguely that “the gem-producing rivers are the Acesines (Jenaub) and the Ganges.” Dronysius Periegetes enumerates the Diamond amongst the numerous gems picked up in the river-beds by the natives of India, as anciently understood, lying to the east of Mount Paropanisus and Ariana. All that Mahomed Ben Mansur knew of the Indian Diamond mines was the fable, that “ in the eastern part of India, there is a deep valley inhabited by serpents, where the Diamond is produced, but some believe it to be gotten in the mines of the Jacut (Ruby).” Amongst the many fables describing the mode in which Diamond could be obtained, is one which says that when Alexander visited the mountain Zulmeah (called by others, Sarandip) where the inaccessible valley of Diamonds is situated, he directed pieces of flesh to be thrown in ; vultures picked these up with the precious stones attached to them and dropped them on various parts of the earth, in the course of their flight. Marco Polo, who travelled in India, in the beginning of 13th century, gives accounts of the manner in which Diamonds were then obtained — which agree mate- rially with the tale given above. The first authen- sidering India to be the place from which Diamond I A TREATISE ON GEMS. tic and detailed account of the Indian mines is known to have been written by Jean Baptiste Tavernier, a merchant-jeweller, who had travelled in India in the l7th century. He is known to have visited three Diamond mines ; the first being that of Raolconda, a place about five days’ journey from Golconda and eight or nine from Visapore ; the others being those of Coloor and Sumbulpore. People give Tavernier the credit of being the first European that had visited the Golconda mines. But it is really due to one Methold who had visited them before him, in 1622. Several other mines have since turned up. Karl Bitter has divided the Dia- mond-producing countries of India into five groups : The Cuddapali group, on the Pennar Biver. Diamonds are found in Cuddapali, Condapetta and Ovumpully, Landur, Pinchetgapuda and still fur- ther beyond the Pennar valley as far as Gandicotta and according to some, even Gutidrug. The Diamond-beds in the Ovumpully mines are of varying width and the stones are generally round- ed. Those found still further west are said to be the best. 2nd. The Bandial group, between the Pennar and the Kistna, near Bangapally. The Diamond- beds here are only about a foot thick. Most of the Diamonds of this district lie loose and their forms are of the double pyramid and dodecahedra. 3rd. The Ellore group, on the lower Kistna or the Golconda group. It is worth while disabusing s 146 THE DIAMOND. the minds of many of the impression that Golcon- da produces Diamonds. Golconda proper has no mines, nor any, in its immediate vicinity. The stones were found at the base of the Neela-mulla mountains in the neighbourhood of the Kistna and Pomar Divers ; they were then brought to Gol- conda in a rough state, and there cut and polished. This place becoming the principal mart, it was commonly supposed that the gems were found close by. The Fort at Golconda was the store- house of the great Diamonds in the Nawab’s domi- nions. The discovery of the mine, which has made Golconda so famous, is attributed to a poor shepherd who came across what he thought a pret- ty pebble, in the course of tending his flocks. This he bartered to another for a little rice. After passing through several hands, it fell, at last, into those of a merchant who at once knew what it was and discovered the mine, after considerable trouble in searching. It has been mentioned before that Tavernier visited the mines of Raolconda. This place comes within the province of this group. Its position is towards the middle tributary of the Kistna. There are other mines to the eastward, on the lower Kistna. The most celebrated amongst these, is the one called “ Coloor ” by the Persians, and “ Gani” by the natives, situated about 15 miles north-west of Masulipatam. This was also visited by Tavernier and was described by him as being the birth-place of the “ Great Mogul,” which was A TREATISE ON GEMS. 147 said to have weighed 787-g- carats in its rough state and 297 after it was cut. 4 th . — The Sumhulpore group, north of the Goda- very, on the central tributary of the Mahanuddy. This Diamond district extends to the immediate vicinity of Sumhulpore only and between the Rivers Mahanuddy and Brahmine. In the year 1818, the year in which Sumhulpore was annexed to the British territories, a Diamond was found here which weighed 84 grains, and although of only the third quality it was said to have been sold for Rs. 5,000. 5 th . — The Panna group in Bundelcund, between the Rivers Sonar and Sone. The Diamond beds in this group lie near Bengal, Behar and Allahabad on the south bank of the Ganges. The most produc- tive Diamond mines in this group were, in 1860, at the village of Sukariah, situated about 20 miles from Panna. Pour kinds of Diamonds were found here ; 1st Motichul , clear and brilliant ; 2nd Manik, verging in color to green ; 3rd Pcmna, with a faint orange tint; 4th Bansput, dark-colored. There are also Diamond mines in Siberia, Brazil, South Africa, Australia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and the Celebes Islands. It had been the theory of Pliny and other ancient naturalists that Diamonds were generally to be found in the gold beds, and this has most remarkably been borne out by facts. Upwards of 50 Diamonds were said to have been found in the gold mine of Adolph, (Siberia), near the Ural Mountains (1830 to 1833). 148 THE DIAMOND. The discovery of the Diamond mines of Brazil which occured in 1730, was, like that of the Indian mines, the result of chance. Some miners search- ing for gold in the districts of Serro do Frio, came across certain pebbles of peculiar hue and lustre, which, when carried home, were given to children and used as counters in card play. They fell soon after into the hands of an officer who had spent some years at Goa in the East Indies. Struck with their symmetry and weight, he caused some of these stones to be sent to Lisbon ; the Dutch Consul at which place, having examined them care- fully, pronounced them to be genuine Diamonds. The Diamond district of Serro do Frio is about 60 miles in length and 27 in breadth. Diamonds have also been found in the remote provinces of Goyazes and Matto Grosso. At one time the pre- judice against the Brazilian stones was so strong that the merchants were obliged to export them to India and thence to Europe in order that they might pass for Indian Diamonds. The places which yielded the greatest quantity of Diamonds were Diamantina (in the province of Minas Geraes), Bahia, (the old capital of Brazil,) and the beddings in the Paraguay and its many tributaries. In 1840, M. Hericart de Thury announced to the Academie des Sciences that Diamonds had been discovered in the River Gumel, in the Algerian pro- vince of Constantine, Africa, — mingled with gold- dust, brought down by the stream. One specimen A TREATISE ON GEMS weighing 3 carats was bought for the Ecole des Mines, Paris ; another of 5 grains for the Musee de L’Histoir Naturelle, (Museum of Natural His- tory) and the 3rd, by the Marquis de Dree. The discovery of the Cape Diamonds is connected with a story very much the same as that of Diamonds of other places. Amongst the number of pebbles used as playthings by a child of one Mr. Jacob (a Dutch farmer who had settled near Hope Town), was one pretty stone whose brightness attracted the attention of the farmer’s wife. This was after- wards shewn by Mrs. Jacob to a neighbour, named Schalk Van Nickerk, who requested Mr. J. O’Reilly, (a hunter and trader, then passing through the interior of the country,) to ascertain its nature. This pebble being sent through Mr. Boyes to his friend Dr. G. W. Atherstone, of Graham’s Town, that excellent mineralogist boldly declared it to be a real Diamond. This was in March 1867, when the Universal Exhibition in Paris was about to open. The first opportunity was taken to present it at the Exhibition, where it remained for the whole period it was open and was, at its close, purchased by Sir Philip Wodehouse, then Governor of the Colony, (and afterwards the Governor of Bombay,) for the sum of Rs. 5,000. The weight of this Dia- mond was known to be 21 x 3 g- carats. Several other fields have since been discovered, of which some lie in the Colony of Griqualand, west, which has come under British rule since 1871. 150 THE DIAMOND. Australia was generally known to be tlie land of gold, but now it bids fair to be the land of Dia- monds too. New South Wales was the only place in Australia which had yielded a sufficient quanti- ty of Diamond, such as to invite exploration. In a certain report written in 1851, Mr. E. H. Har- graves, and the Revd. W. B. Clarke, referred to some specimens of gold and to a number of gems including what they called rather vaguely, “ a small one of the Diamond kind,” which was found in Reedy Creek, near Bathurst. But it was chief- ly the Revd. gentleman named above who first drew public attention to the Diamonds of New South Wales. Eour specimens were brought to him from the Macquaire River, near Sutton’s Bar, in September 1859, and a fifth from Burrendong, in October. In the mean time he had collected Diamonds from Pyramul and Calabash Creeks. It was in July 1869, that a company, called that of the Australian Diamond Miner’s, began in right earnest the work of hunting after Diamonds. A few years ago a Diamond field has been opened up near Binjera, in the New South Wales. This town is situated on the Horton (popularly known as the Big River) atid is about 400 miles north of Syd- ney. In 1852 some Diamonds were discovered near Echuca, about 20 miles south-east of Ade- laide. In 1862 the discovery of a Diamond in the Ovens district (in Victoria,) was announced by Mr. George Eoord. It was a transparent yellow A TREATISE ON GEMS. 151 crystal, with perfect edges, weighing about 2 grains. The first Australian Diamond ever brought to England was presented by Sir Thomas Mitchell to the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street. This small stone weighs f of a carat and was found near Ophir, west of Bathurst, New South Wales. The Diamond mines of Borneo are all on the west side of the mountains known as the Ratoos Range. About the year 1840, some Diamond beds were discovered in the district of Dolodoula in the Is- land of Sumatra. COLORED DIAMONDS. The Hindus divide Diamonds into four classes, j according to their castes. Those that are of clear j and pure water belong to the Brahmana class ; those j that are clear and are of the color of honey, to the j Kshetriya ; the cream-colored, to the Vaisya and \ the greyish-white, to the Sudra. Diamonds of j several colors have been found, principal among j which are the Blue, Red, Green, Olive, Black, Eire- colored and the Yellow. The Blue Diamond is a thing of great rarity and, j consequently, of very great value. The first Blue Diamond on record was the one bought by Tavernier \ in India, in 1642, and sold to Louis XIV. It weighed in the rough, 112J carats and 67|, when cut and kept in the French Regalia. In 1792, it was abstracted from the Garde-Meuble, where it was kept with the rest of the French Regalia, after they had been seized. All trace of this stone was lost since that period till 1830 when a Blue Bril- liant was found in the possession of one Mr. Da- niel Eliason, which was perfectly identical with the lost stone in quality and color. It was after- wards traced to Mr. Henry Thomas Hope and was then known as the Hope Diamond, weighing 44j- carats. This difference in weight with the original stone is thought, by some conjecturers, to have been due to reduction by cleavage. The smaller part weighing 6 or 7 carats (most assuredly the cleavage of the larger one) turned up in the market in April, 1874. It was purchased in Gene- va at the sale of the late Duke of Brunswick’s jewels and now passes by the name of the “ Blue Drop Diamond.” The only specimen of a red Diamond known to English jewellers is the one bought by Mr. Joseph Halphen of Paris, from a London firm. A beautiful green stone of 80 grains is said to have fetched Rs. 360, at the sale of Marquis de Dr6e. The King of Saxony is in possession of a green Diamond which forms the button to his state hat. The finest specimen of a Diamond of this color was obtained for Rs. 2,000, about 20 years ago. A TREATISE ON GEMS. 153 It was afterwards sold for Rs. 3,000. It subse- quently fell into tlie bands of a jeweller in Bond Street, who sold it to an American gentleman for Rs. 6,000. Mr. Charles Drayson is its present owner and is known to be quite unwilling to part with it. Black Diamonds of very great beauty sometimes come from Borneo. They are so remarkably hard that the ordinary Diamond-dust cannot make the slightest impression on them. They can be cut or polished by using their own dust. A coal-black Diamond was exhibited at the World’s Fair of 1851, by Mr. Joseph Meyer. It weighed 350 carats. A black Diamond was seen about nine years ago, at Charles Nephews & Co., Jewellers, of Calcutta. The yellow Diamonds are the most common of all. Mode of Cutting — Indian and European. Tiie Diamond, as mentioned before, can only be cut by itself in the form of a fine powder, which is generally prepared from defective stones and from the refuse in cleaving and cutting. This being put into a mortar of hardened steel is beaten until it is fine enough for use. Reference to the fact that Diamond is made to cut itself, is made in the touch- ing verses composed by Charles I, on the night after his condemnation. " With mine own power, my majesty they wound, In the king’s name the king himselfs uncrowned ; So doth the dust destroy the Diamond” ,4 - (r^ 8 154 THE DIAMOND. The art of Diamond-cutting seems to have had its origin in India and that, at a very early period. Indirect evidences might he adduced to support this fact. Garcias ah Horto, (writing in 1565,) remarks that the Indians preferred the Diamonds of the “ old rock,” particularly those in their natural state, (which they called “ Naifes,”) to those that were polished by human art. Tavernier in visiting the Boalconda mines in 1665, found a large num- ber of Diamond- cutters at work there. Each of them was furnished with a wheel of steel about the size of a dinner-plate. They worked on only one stone at a time but did so with great rapidity. The principal consideration which guided the Indians in cutting Diamond was that it should lose as little of its size as possible and they would rather leave it in an irregular shape than diminish it to any great extent — a practice, in direct oppo- sition to the system now adopted in Europe. The discovery of the art of cutting and polish- ing Diamond by means of its own dust, is attribut- ed to Louis de Berquem, of Bruges, who is known to have constructed, in 1476, a polishing wheel in which Diamond-dust was used instead of Corun- dum, which the Chinese and Hindus had hitherto employed. But there are several instances to prove that Diamond-cutting was known in Europe, pre- vious to this time. The clasp of the royal cloak of King Charlemagne was set with Diamonds. In the year 1290, a corporate body of gem-polishers A TREATISE ON GEMS. 155 and cutters was formed in Paris; and in 1373, there were Diamond-polishers in Niirnberg. In 143d, Guttenberg learned gem-cutting and polish- ing of Andreas Drytzehen of Strasbourg. Amongst the jewels of Louis, Duke of Anjou, exhibited in the years 1360-1368, were several Diamonds ; one of which was cut into the shape of a shield ; an- other, in the form of a round mirror ; a third, in that of a lozenge, &c. &c. &c. Of the pupils of Louis de Berquem, some went to Antwerp, some to Amsterdam, and others to Paris. The Diamond- cutting made considerable progress in this last place, under the patronage of Cardinal Mazarin. He had ordered twelve Diamonds of the Prench Crown to be newly cut and these were hencefor- ward known as the “ twelve Mazarins.”* At the present time, Diamond-cutting is a flourishing trade in Holland and is chiefly in the hands of the Jewish inhabitants. Diamonds are now cut in a variety of forms, the principal among which are the Brilliant, Iiose, Table, and the Lascjue. The Brilliant form is said to be the crowning invention in the art of Diamond-cutting. It is the form most esteemed, as it exhibits the peculiar lustre of the stone to the best advantage. But in this there is a larger waste of the material than in * After they had disappeared after the Revolution of 1830, no one knew what became of them. At the recent betrothal of King Alphonso with Princess Mercedes, an Amsterdam merchant came to Madrid with twelve Diamonds which, he said, he was commissioned to sell by an owner who wished his name to be kept secret. Competent authorities have, upon careful exami- nation, pronounced them to be the long lost Mazarins. 156 THE DIAMOND. any other mode. This style of cutting was intro- duced by Yincenzio Peruzzi (or Vincente Perggi,) of Venice, in the latter end of the 17th century. “ The Brilliant is formed of two truncated pyramids by a common base ; the upper pyramid being much more deeply truncated than the lower ; the upper side of the stone presenting a table of 32 facets inclined under different angles, and the underside, 25 facet. The correspondence between the upper and lower facets is arranged so as to multiply the reflection and refraction.” Some explanation is necessary to render the technical names of the several parts of a cut Diamond intelligible to the lay reader. “ The plane surface at the top is called the table ; the bottom plane is called the culet or culette ; the junction of the upper truncated pyra- mid with the lower is the girdle ; and the lower pointed portion is called the pavilion. The facets are small triangular spaces or planes.” The Brilli- ant is said to he single, double or old English cut (otherwise called the star single-cut ) , according to the number of facets. The English cutters make the girdle rather sharp but the Dutch make it broader. Brillon6ts are those stones which are cut as Brilli- ants on the surface but have neither culette nor girdle. These are very rare. The “ Rose” cut has been in use since 1520 and resembles an opening rose-bud. It is formed by covering the rounded surface of the stone with equilateral triangles, placed base to base, making A TREATISE ON GEMS. 157 the figure of a rhomb. The number of facets to- gether with their position determines the different names of the Rose. Thus 24 facets make a Dutch Rose ; the same number, but less raised, a Brilliant Rose ; 36 facets, a Rose Recoupde &c. The circular stones are best suited for “ Rose” cutting. The Table-cut is made of those stones which, with considerable breadth, are of very trifling depth. It is produced by a series of diminishing four-sided planes below the girdle. Lasques are formed from flat or veiny Diamonds and are said to be manufactured in India. The Indian cut has according to some, an upper part, lower part, and girdle. Its usual form is that of a single-cut Brilliant. But as the effects produced are not of much consequence, the stones are ge- nerally re-cut. The point-cut was well known to Kentman who wrote in 1562. Some precious stones may either be cut as four-sided pyramids, or are so formed by polishing the faces of the octahedron and making them exactly true and regular. This style is only found in old ornaments. Engraving. According to Blum, the discovery of the art of engraving the Diamond is assigned to Ambrosius Caradosso, a Milanese, and engraver to the Mint of Pope Julius II. He is said, in the year 1500, to have executed upon a Diamond the figure of a Father of the church. But Paolo Morigia gives the credit of the discovery to Trezzo, the famous cameo-artist of Milan and asserts that his first attempt was the Coat of Arms of the Emperor Charles V. Clement Bira- go, a pupil of his, is known to have engraved upon a Diamond a portrait of Don Carlos, intended as a betrothal present to Anna, the daughter of the Em- peror Maximilian II. He is also said to have en- graved on Diamond the Spanish Arms as a signet for the same prince. One Jacobus Thronus (believed to be a Hollander) engraved on a Diamond, the Arms of Mary, Queen of Scots. Among the Hope preci- ous stones, there were several engraved Diamonds. One of these had the bust of the Emperor Leopold I on a large Table-Diamond. Costanzi, who flourish- ed at Borne in the beginning of the 18th century, is known to have executed several engravings on Dia- monds, prominently amongst them, a Leda and the heads of Antonius and Nero. In the collection of Her Most Gracious Majesty, our Empress, is preserved the signet-ring of Charles II, when he was the Prince of Wales ; the device of which is the ostrich plumes between the letters C and P, very neatly cut upon a large yellow Dia- mond, a table \ x f inch in dimensions, quaintly fashioned into a heater-shaped seven-sided shield. Louis Siries, gold-smith to Louis XV, is also said to have done some engravings, one of which is re- ported to be a very minute head of Julia, (daughter A TREATISE ON GEMS. 159 of Titus,) executed upon the upper table of a regu- larly cut Brilliant. The price of Diamond. Its fates and defects ; mode of testing. The price of Diamond, as of any other com- modity, depends entirely upon the law of supply and demand. It is therefore well nigh impossible to fix a price which would he a safe guide to the intending purchaser, for all times. Approximate prices can, however, be given, when the market is supposed to be normal. In no other object of commerce, there are so many faults and imitations, of which the inexperienced should beware, as in Diamonds and other precious stones. The value depends materially upon the degree of perfection in which the articles are found when offered for sale. Amongst the most frequent faults are (1) feathers , i.e , little rents or fissures in the inside of the stone. (2) clouds , i.e., gray, brown, and white specks, which look very much like clouds. These give great deal of trouble when working the stone. (3) sands, or little seed-like bodies within the stone, of white, brown and red color. These are also called dusts, when very fine and found in large number in a stone. A Diamond, wanted to be sold to the best advan- tage, must be perfectly free from the faintest tinge of color of any sort ; must have no flaws, or 160 THE DIAMOND. • U-. ■ specks or fissures in any part ; must be bright and lively and free from what is technically called “ milk ” or “ salt,” which are semi-opaque imper- fections in the body of the stone. To ascertain if any of the above flaws exists, the stone should be breathed on until its lustre is temporarily destroyed and then the imperfections will be apparent. The stone must also be well-proportioned and properly cut. Even to the least experienced, the lustre of a Diamond when cut is sufficient to establish its identity. Some colorless Topazes, Emeralds, Sap- phires and the white Zircon have sometimes been passed off as Diamonds. If the surface of the stone be the least scratched by the action of a fine file, it is not a Diamond. The rays of the sun easily pass through other gems, but in the Diamond they are refracted by the surface, which causes the superior brilliancy. According to Mr. Milburn, if the coating of a rough Diamond be smooth and bright with a little tinge of green in it, it is not bad ; but if there is a tincture of yellow with the green, it is a soft, greasy stone, and will turn out bad. Though the specific weight of the Diamond is nearly the same as that of the Topaz, the one can be distinguished from the other by its electri- cal properties. The Topaz retains its electric powers several hours after it has been developed by friction, whereas the Diamond loses it in the course of half an hour. The Diamond can, by its weight, be distinguished from colorless Corundums, A TREATISE ON GEMS. whose weight exceeds that of the former in the proportion of 8 to 7. The jewellers of old used the “ tincture” test to distinguish the real Diamond from the spurious, of which so many were then current, as the white Sapphire, the Citrine Beryl, and the Crystal cut into a pyramid. This tincture was a varnish made of ivory-black and mastich applied to the back of the stone, which, if it was a real Diamond, became all the more brilliant on account of this back ground ; if any other gem, it became dull and lustre- less showing the black through its substance. Some used the oil exuding from a roasted grain of wheat darkened with ivory-black, others backed the stone with a bit of black silk. The “ Novas Minas” white Topaz of Brazil, known there as the “ Slave’s Diamond,” is now the only stone which has any chance of being passed off for a Diamond. Though it is very hard and brilliant, it very much lacks “ the Adamantine lustre and iridescence.” The terms, first water, second water, mean only first and second quality. Perfect Diamonds should be as clear as drops of the purest water ; and they are of the second and third water, according to the degree of clearness in them, until decidedly yellow or brown, when they come under the category of colored stones. These colored Diamonds, on score of their rarity, are sold at fancy price. Diamonds are generally valued per carats and it is necessary to explain the term. The word is u 162 THE DIAMOND. probably derived from the name of a bean, the fruit of a kind of Erythina, which grows in Africa. The tree which gives this fruit is termed by the natives “ Kuara” or the sun. These fruits, when dried, were afterwards imported into India and here used for weighing the Diamond. They have now been universally adopted. 4 grains make 6 carats or 24 grains 151-J carats But a carat is not of the same weight 1 carat. 1 penny-weight. 1 ounce troy. in all countries ; for instance, in England it is equal to 205,4090 milligrams; in France, 205,5000 ; in Borneo, 105,000 ; in Madras, 207,3533, &c. &c.&c. The following is an approximate price-list as given by standard authorities. Diamonds below 2 grains. Inferior’, from Medium Good ... Fine If over 2 grains, Fine Over 3 grains Of one carat £ 4 to £ G £ G to £ 8 £ 8 to £10 £10 to £12 £12 to £15 £15 to £20 £20 to £23 per carat. But the valuing of rough Diamonds is not to be made according to the above standard. The form and proportion of the crystal must first be taken into consideration, for, on these only, the loss of weight in cutting chiefly depends. Then, care must also be taken to distinguish the degrees of color and Mr A TREATISE ON GEMS. 163 the purity of the specimen. The best forms to select would be the octrahedral and the rhombo- dodecahedral. In valuing large rough Diamonds and specially those that came from the Cape, the fact should always be remembered that tints of color may be brought out in the cutting of a stone, which do not at all appear in its rough state ; per- fect polish and the power of reflection natural to the stone intensify any tint of yellow existing in it. The Supernatural and Medicinal Properties attributed to the Diamond. The mythology of all nations in the world attri- butes supernatural influence to almost every thing in nature. Trees and fields, temples and stones, mountains and rivers, — all were supposed to be the abode of good or evil spirits. Anselm Boece De Boot, physician to the Emperor Rodolph and Maxi- milian II, wrote in 1664, as follows : “ Erom their purity, beauty, and brilliancy, it is most probable, gems were selected as receptacles for good spirits, even as filthy, stinking and frightful places are usu- ally the abodes chosen for evil and unclean spirits.” Diamond being of all stones, the purest, hardest and most brilliant, it was naturally considered to be the most powerful in spiritual influence. It was consecrated to all that was holy and heavenly, and was known to have been a powerful charm, and, when under the influence of the planet Mars, productive of great success. For many centuries past it was thought to he a most potent talisman against poison, pestilence, witchery, insanity, evil spirits and night-mare. It was esteemed a safe- guard to virtue. Though it had the power of preventing evils, as above stated, on external appli- cation, (i.e. if worn,) it had a quite disastrous effect, if taken internally. Diamond-dust had such a fa- tal poisonous property that nothing could save the unfortunate who swallowed it. The Diamond was also supposed to bestow victory, fortitude and strength of mind. It softened wrath and strengthened wedded love ; hence it was called the stone of re- conciliation. It was also an infallible test of con- jugal fidelity. A Diamond placed under the pil- low of a married lady, without her knowledge, would make her reveal, during sleep, any secrets of her life, which she might have to conceal from her husband. Though it was believed to be in- combustible, its lustre and other properties were supposed to be affected by heat. Hence, perhaps, the ancient practice of taking Diamond rings off the finger at bedtime, and putting them in a cup of cold water or on a marble, or some other cool surface. To the Ancients, Diamond represented inexorable justice and immutable fate. Hence the judges of the Hades were described as having hearts and bosoms of Adamant. The clouds which covered Destiny were also described as being of Adamant. To the moderns, it is a symbol of inno- A TREATISE ON GEMS. 165 cencc, constancy, faith, strength, &c., &c. A gem, (supposed to have been a Diamond), worn in the girdle, by Aaron, the High Priest, had, according to a Jewish legend, marvellous properties. It would become dark and dim, if brought into con- tact with a man, actually guilty : if the accused was really innocent, it would shine on with in- creased brilliancy. If the sins of the Hebrews were to be punished with death, the stone would put on a bloody color. But the most absurd and unique virtue, attributed to Diamond — -and to no other gem — was the power of multiplying its species. Boetius De Boot makes serious men- tion of a lady who possessed two hereditary Dia- monds, which produced several others and thus left a generation. Perhaps there is no other jewel in the world the interesting romance with which it is connected as the Koh-i-noor. It is so old that some attribute its ownership to Kama, the king of Anga, who first discovered it near Masulipatam, in the bed of the Godavery, 5000 years ago. Other traditions speak of Bajah Vikramaditya of Oujien (56 B. C.), as having been the happy possessor of it. All subse- quent trace of this stone was lost till it was taken CELEBRATED DIAMONDS. The Koh-i-noor. which is so much renowned for its antiquity and for THE DIAMOND. from the king of Malwa by Ala-ooddeen, in 1304. After the defeat of the Patbans by the Moguls in 1526, it remained in possession of the latter till the invasion of Nadir Shah. When Nadir Shah came to take possession of Delhi, Mahamood Shah, the then Emperor, had to give up every valuable thing in his treasury, except this jewel, which he used to keep concealed in his turban. A woman in the < harem betrayed this fact to Nadir, who, strongly bent upon having it, planned a grand festival in | which both the conqueror and the conquered were | to meet and swear friendship. Nadir Shah pro- \ posed an exchange of turbans and thus managed to get possession of the stone. It was he who gave it the name Koh-i-noor, or the “mountain of light.” From him it descended to his son, from whom Ahmed Shall, the founder of the Cabul dynasty, suc- ceeded in getting it, by professing friendship in his time of distress. Shah Shujah, the son and successor of Ahmed Shah, being driven out of his | kingdom by his brother, Mahmood, took away the ij Koh-i-noor with him and made it the companion of | his exile. Itunjeet Sing, the celebrated “ Lord of the five rivers,” contrived to get him at Lahore, ■where he was at once put to prison and given to understand that his release could be effected if he would part with the jewel. Suffering with his wife and family, all sorts of privation and misery at the hands of Itunjeet, Shah Shujah at last consented to make over the thing to him. This was done on A TREATISE ON GEMS. 167 the 1st June, 1813. Struck with the brilliancy of ) the stone, Runjeet asked him, “ at what rate do you value it to which he replied, “ good fortune : and that is always the property of those who had j | vanquished their enemies.” The Diamond was now ; set in a bracelet and was always worn by Runjeet. People attached had luck to the possessor of this \ stone, for it would appear that all who had it in j their hands subsequently came to grief, and an \ attempt was therefore made to make it over to the idol Juggernath of Puri. This was never done and \ it was occasionally worn by his successors. After ; the murder of Shu Sing, it was deposited in the \ Lahore treasury, until Dullip Sing, (the son of \ Runjeet), was stationed at Lahore with an English \ Regent. When Punjab was annexed to the British Crown, all the state-jewels of Lahore were con- fiscated by the East India Company. It was \ stipulated that the Koli-i-noor should be presented to the Queen. It reached Her Majesty on the 3rd June 1850 and then weighed 186 carats. Its j original weight, when it was with Arungzebe, was 793 carats. This reduction was due to the unskil- fulness of Hortensio Borgio, a Venetian lapidary, j who had been entrusted with the cutting of it. The Emperor had been so much displeased with his work \ that instead of paying for all his labors, he dispos- sessed him of his property and was with great difficulty persuaded to leave him his head. This stone created quite a sensation in the great 168 THE DIAMOND. Exibition of 1851, where it was valued at 14,00,000 of Rupees. The re-cutting of this stone being thought necessary, Herr Voorsanger of Amsterdam was selected to do it. The operation (conducted by steam) which commenced on the 6th July, was completed at the end of 38 days of 12 hours each, and is said to have cost 80,000 Rs. The Koh-i-noor has now assumed the form of a regular cut Brilli- ant, weighing 106|- carats and is one of the princi- pal jewels in the British Crown. The, Great Mogul. This stone is often confounded with the Koli-i- noor. It is reported to have been found in or about 1650, in the Coloor mines, a place about 7 days’ journey from Golconda. Mecr Joomla, by birth a Persian, was the Grand Yizier and General to the King of Golconda. He had amassed enormous wealth, (principally by farming, under other names, the Diamond mines of the place,) and thus made himself the eye-sore of his master, who had on one occasion openly threatened his life. The Vizier sought and obtained the aid of Prince Aurungzebe, then Governor of the neighbouring provinces, and with his co-operation, surprized the King of Golconda and was about to make him surrender when the Prince was re-called by his father the Emperor Shah Jehan. Meer Joomla in- gratiated himself into the favor of the great Emper- or by making him magnificent presents, amongst which was the “ Great Mogul.” Tavernier relates that ho saw this Diamond at the Court of Aurungzebe, and that it weighed at that time 787-g carats. It was at this stage of its history that the stone has come to he confounded with the Koh-i-noor. The same story about the cutting by Borgio, about Nadir Shah’s trick in obtaining it, &c., is repeated in connection with this Diamond. Some conjecture that Tavernier has described one large stone as having been seen by him in the Court of Aurunzebe. If there had been another of the same weight and size, it must have surely been noticed by him. Hence it is thought that the Koh-i-noor and the Great Mogul are merely conver- tible names. Others suppose that the Great Mogul was a personal present to the Emperor Shah Jehan and most naturally it remained in his possession when he was in prison, — at the time of Tavernier’s visit, and that consequently that traveller had no opportunity of examining it. They further believe in its existence amongst the regalia of the Persian Crown and in its having been designated there as the “ Derya-noor,” or “ the ocean of light.” But the drawings of the Shah’s Diamonds which have lately been sent up to England, do not confirm this assertion. There has another theory been started which makes Borgio cut up the big stone into three ; the one of which is now known as the Koh-i-noor ; the other, as the Great Mogul, and the third was captured amongst the jewels of some petty Indian 170 THE DIAMOND, Chief. But the description which Tavernier gives of the character of the stone he saw, differs materi- ally from the actual character of the Koh-i-noor . “ It was circular, rose-cut, very deep, of fine water, with but one little crack externally and one flaw internally and the work upon it that of an European lapidary ; whereas the Koh-i-noor was in outline an irregular ellipse, facetted to no definite pattern, very flat, exhibited no more water than a hit of rock crystal, had several flaws, besides a large deficiency or fracture at one end and rude grooves cut in the sides, whilst all the work upon it was of that peculiar character, which the least experienced ye would detect at once as that of a Hindu )iamond-cutter.” There is one Diamond of the name of Derya-noor [finch is said to be in the possession of Nawab Lbdool Gunny of Dacca, East Bengal, but whether b is identical with its great name-sake, we are Lot in a position to state. If not the largest, the Pitt or Regent Diamond 3 generally looked upon as the most perfect and leautiful Diamond in existence, remarkable alike or its shape, proportion and fine water. It weigh- d 410 carats in its original state. According to he story with which its history is connected, it ras found by a slave at Puteal (about 135 miles The Pitt or Regent Diamond. A TREATISE ON GEMS. from Golconda) and kept concealed in the calf of one of his legs which he had purposely wounded and bandaged, for its reception. An English sailor promised to find a purchaser for it, provided he was paid half the value. But bent upon having the whole of the proceeds to himself, he lured the poor slave on hoard his ship and pitched him over the water. This Diamond was sold by him to a celebrated Parsee merchant named Jamchand, for the sum of 10,000 Rupees. Jamchand sold it, in 1701, to Mr. Thomas Pitt (grand-father of the Earl of Chatham,) the then Governor of Eort St. George, Madras, for 1,25,000 Rupees. The opera- tion of cutting it into a perfect Brilliant, which was finished in two years, reduced its weight to 136| carats and cost him Rs. 50,000; 35,000 of which, however, was recovered by selling the fragments. The Duke of Orleans, Regent of France, bought it of Pitt for 13,50,000 Rupees. This Diamond was stolen from the Garde-meuble in 1792, but was restored to its possessor most mysteriously. The Republic then pledged it to a Berlin merchant from whom it was again redeemed. The Emperor Napolean I. used to wear it in the pommel of his sword and always considered it to he the kev-stone to all his future greatness. It was shown in the Erench Exhibition of 1855. The Orloff or Amsterdam Diamond. This stone formed, according to one account, one of the eyes of a Hindu God, and was stolen away 172 THE DIAMOND. i by a French Grenadier of Pondicherry, who had, with that object in view, taken refuge with the Brahmins and professed their faith for some time. It was afterwards sold for Rs. 20,000 to an English sea-captain who resold it to a Jew for 1,20,000 Rs. He, again, sold it to the Armenian merchant Shafras from whom it was purchased at Amsterdam, in or about 1772, by Prince Orloff, for presentation to Catherine II, at 9,00,000 of Rupees and a life-an- nuity of 40,000 Rupees and the grant of a | Iiusssian nobility to the seller. Another account says that it was one of the stones taken away by Nadir Shah from the Moguls ; that it had a pro- minent place in his throne ; and that it had, after his assassination, passed into the hands of one of his Affghan Generals and thence to the Armenian merchant Shafras. This stone resembles in its out- ! line the “ Great Mogul,” as described by Tavernier, so closely, that, but for the difference in the weight, it may be taken for that long lost Diamond. A third account supposes it to have been brought to Russia by Lazarus Lazareff, the head of the Armenian family of that name, and gi’and-son of Manouk Lazareff, treasurer to Shah Abas II. Hence it is called by some the “ Lazareff ” Diamond. It is now placed in the Russian Imperial sceptre and weighs 194^ carats, and, like the Koh-i-noor, has the underside flat and is rose-cut. Its size is about that of a pigeon’s egg. The water is of a | rather yellowish tinge. The NassucJc Diamond. A TREATISE ON GEMS. 173 This stone was originally found among the spoils captured from the Mahrattas at the con- quest of Deccan, under the command of the Marquis of Hastings. It was then as large as a good-sized walnut and weighed 89f carats. But when re-cut, in London, as a Brilliant, by order of its proprietor, the Marquis of Westminster, it weighed 78§ carats. It is very bright and pure hut is very badly shaped. The East India Company had sold it to Messrs. Rundell and Bridge, who, on their retirement, sold it by auction to a jeweller for 72,000 Rs., though it was valued at three lacs. This stone is said to have been found at Golconda and is now almost in its primitive condition. It weighs 340 carats. It was by some ominous accident broken asunder in the year of the Indian Mutiny. Cosroes, the younger son of Abass Mirza Shah, of Persia, presented this stone to Emperor Nicholas of Russia. It weighs 86 carats and is perfectly pure and brilliant. It is only partially cut ; many of its natural octahedra being preserved. The interest of this stone is enhanced by the Persian The Nizam. The Shah of Persia. 174 THE DIAMOND. inscription it bears of its former owners, engraved as follows : — , Ek-bek Shak, All that is known of this stone is that it was found in the possession of Ibrahim Pacha. It weighs 40 carats ; is of an octagonal form, Brilliant- cut and of very good quality. This stone belongs to the Rajah of Mattam, Borneo, and is at present the largest Diamond known ; its weight being 367 carats. It was found at Landak, Borneo, in the year 1787. It is egg- shaped ; is of pure water and has a small indenta- tion at the short end. Notwithstanding the many battles fought for it, this precious stone is still in the possession of the Rajah. The Dutch Governor of Batavia offered for it five lacs of Rupees, and two men-of-war, with stores and ammunitions complete ; but the owner refused to part with it on any ac- count, considering it to be a talisman, on the possession of which depended the fortune and hapiness of his family. The Malayese believe that all kinds of disease can be cured by means of the water in which this Diamond has been steeped. Nizim Shak, Eeth Ali Shak, Its shape is that of a long prism. The Pacha of Egypt. The Mattam Diamond. A TREATISE ON GEMS. The Sancy Diamond. The early history of the Sancy Diamond is not minutely traceable. According to some, it came from India and, in 1479, fell into the hands of the King of Portugal, Don Antonio, who, on the occa- sion of his visit to England, made with the purpose of securing assistance in prosecuting his claims to the throne, which was then in the possession of the Spaniards, pledged it with Queen Elizabeth for £ 5,000 sterling. To avoid further importunities from the Portugese Pretender for more money, the Queen returned the Diamond to him, giving up all claims to the sum she had advanced. This stone was subsequently sold by him to Nicholas de Harlay, Baron de Sancy, a Huguenot, gentleman. From this owner the stone has assumed the name “ Sancy.” It was borrowed of the Baron by Henry IV of France. The messenger sent in charge of this valuable stone was waylaid and murdered by robbers, but, acting up to previous arrangements, he managed swallowing it. It was afterwards taken out of his stomach by the Baron, in whose family it remained for more than a century. It was next traced to James II of England, who, in his exile (1688) carried it to France. There it was sold to Louis XIY for 2,50,000 Rupees. Louis XY wore it in the clasp of his hat, at his coronation. In the French revolution of 1792, along with various 176 THE DIAMOND. other Crown jewels of Prance, the Sancy was lost, until 1830, when it was found in the possession of a Prench merchant. In 1838, the Prince Paul DemidofF bought it at 7,50,000 Rupees. In 1865 Messrs. Garrads of London purchased it of the Demidoff family, for the late Sir Jamsetjee Jee- jeebhoy of Bombay, at two lacs of Rupees. This stone is almond-shaped, of very fine water and weighs 53|- carats. The cut is evidently Indian. Charles the Bold’s Diamond. According to some, the Sancy is quite a distinct thing from what is called Charles the Bold’s Diamond. Those who confuse the one with the other, say that the Sancy, after it was brought from India, fell first into the hands of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and then into those of the king of Portugal. Those who want to establish a separate indentity for “ Charles the Bold’s Diamond,” affirm tliat this was one of the three Diamonds which Charles the Bold had given to Louis de Berquem to be experimented upon in rose-cutting. After the defeat at Granson, the Duke’s Diamond was found by a common soldier, enclosed in a valuable box. Prefering to have the latter, the soldier threw away the stone, but subse- quently changing his mind, picked it out from under a waggon and sold it for a florin to a priest who, in his turn, sold it to a citizen of Berne for A TREATISE ON GEMS. 177 three francs. Jacques Fugger, a famous merchant, of the Nuremberg family, bought it of the Bernese Government. From this family it came into the hands of Henry VIII, whose daughter Queen Mary, brought it, in her dower, to Phillip II. We have \ already noticed that a large Diamond was pledged | by Don Antonio with Queen Elizabeth, and from \ this portion of the history, the Saucy, (wdiich was evidently the stone pledged by Antonio) is con- j founded with the Burgundian Jewel. It was a \ matter of utter impossibility for the latter to have | passed into the hands of Antonio — one, who was J known to have been the mortal enemy of Phillip’s. By a strange chance, it came back to the great- grand-son of its original owner, Charles the Duke \ of Burgundy. Its present whereabouts are un- i known. The Florentine Brilliant. This stone was, according to a tradition, bought for a trifle at a curiosity stall in Florence, being | then considered as nothing more than a yellow j crystal. The history of this stone is sometimes confounded with that of Charles the Bold’s. The same story regarding its being found by a soldier and sold by him to a priest is also repeated in con- nection with the history of this stone. The fact is, j Charles the Bold had three Diamonds of very great beauty and value, and it appears that the history j of the two is confused with one another. The third is the Sancy. We have already noticed the 178 THE DIAMOND. Vi.' “ story in connection with what we have called Charles the Bold’s Diamond. The story about the other stone, which we will designate as the Floren- tine Brilliant differs from that of the other, from the point, where the gem was sold by the priest. Instead of its being purchased by Fugger (as in the case of the other stone), the story makes it come into the hands of a rich Bernese merchant, Bartholomew May. In 1482, it was sold to a Genoese, who, in his turn, sold it to Ludovico Sforza the Moor, Duke of Milan, for 14,000 ducats. After the fall of the house of Sforza, this stone came into the possession of Pope Julius II, who present- ed it to the Emperor of Austria. It is also called the Grand Duke of Tuscany or the “Austrian Yellow,” owing to its decidedly yellow color, not- withstanding which, it is valued at 10,50,000 Rs. It is cut as a double-rose and weighs 139 J carats. The Brciganza. This stone was discovered in Brazil, in 1741, and weighed, in its rough state, 1680 carats. It is of the size of a hen’s egg, of deep yellow color and is reported to be valued at 58,35,00,000 Rupees. But doubts are entertained as to its being a Dia- mond, it being generally believed to be a white Topaz, and as the Portuguese Government, of whose Crown Jewels it forms a part, would not suffer it to be cut or even examined, there is very little chance of the doubts being cleared up. A TREATISE ON GEMS. 179 The Pigolt Diamond. This stone was taken away from India by Lord Pigott. Over fifty years ago it was sold in a lottery for three lacs of Rupees and was subse- quently bought by Messrs. Rundell & Co. for 60,000 Rupees. When sold to the Pacha of Egypt, it fetched 3 lacs of Rupees again. It is Brilliant- cut, of a beautiful shape and weighs 82J carats. The name of the present owner is not known. The Hope Diamond. A detailed account of this stone has already been given under the heading of “ Coloured Dia- monds.” This beautiful and most important blue Diamond was supposed to have been taken from India by Tavernier and sold to the French Govern- ment, wherefrom it was stolen, during the Revolu- tion. It was subsequently traced to Mr. Eliason and from him to Mr. H. T. Hope. Its original weight was ll2 r \. carats ; when stolen from the French Regalia, it was 67 ; and being subsequent- ly re-cut as a Brilliant and thereby reduced by cleavage, (which has given us its counter-part, the blue Drop Diamond,) it weighed 44^- carats. It figured a great deal in the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Eugenie Brilliant. This perfect Brilliant was purchased by the late Emperor Napolean III, and given to the Empress 180 THE DIAMOND. Eugenie. We are not certain whether it is still valuable jewelry has been sold to His Highness j the late Maharajah of Puttiala, through Messrs. Hamilton & Co., Jewellers, of Calcutta. It is of an oval shape and blunt at one end and weighs j 51 carats. / ? The Cumberland Diamond. This stone was bought by the City of London for a lac of llupees and presented to the Duke of one of the stones claimed by the Hanover Crown, to whom it has been restored by our Most Gracious Tnis is the largest Diamond ever found in Brazil. was at work in the mines of Bogagen, in the pro- | vince of Minas-Geriies. When rough, it weighed 254J carats, but the cutting of it into a Brilliant j has reduced it to 125 carats. It is«a Diamond of t the purest water and under light exhibits a lovely rose-tint. It was purchased by M. Ilalpen, or according to some writers, by Mr. Coster of Amsterdam, who is also reported to have cut it. This Brilliant was at one period owned in Eng- in her possession, as the greatest portion of her Majesty. Its weight is 32 carats. Cumberland, after the battle of Culloden. It was It was found in July 1853, by a poor Negro who The Star of the South. It was shown in the London and Paris Exhibitions. The Polar Star. land, but is now to he found among the Eussian » Crown Jewels. It is remarkable for its purity and lustre, and is said to weigh 40 carats. \ Other large Diamonds. The Portuguese Crown possesses many large and \ brilliant Diamonds, foremost among which is a Bra- zilian stone found in 1775 by a Negro, in the bed j of the River Abaite, near Rio Plata. The following ) is the romance connected with the discovery. Three Brazilians, convicted of some high misdemeanour were banished to the interior of Brazil, for life. These unfortunates used to beguile their time by \ searching for valuable matter. One day they came ; to the River Abaite, the bed of which had lain dry \ for sometime, owing to scarcity of rain. There they chanced to see a Diamond, nearly an ounce \ in weight, which, with the help of a priest, was taken to the Governor of Villa Rica. All the j \ officers of this place having been satisfied as to the nature of the stone, the Governor restored ; the exiles to freedom and had the gem sent to Rio de Janiero and thence to Lisbon. Its weight O / was then 138^- carats. Some conjecturers connect this story w r ith the discovery of the “ Star of the \ South,” with which they identify this stone. i . > Some very large Diamonds have come from the j Cape. One was the “ Star of South Africa,” ; weighing in the rough 83| carats and after cutting, 4Gij. The largest stone yet discovered here is what > is now famous as the ec Stewart Diamond,” which 182 THE DIAMOND. weighed in the rough state 288§ carats. It was consigned to Messrs. Pittar Leverson & Co., who have also in their possession the so-called “ Ply Diamond” which was also discovered in this place by one Antonie. The “ Dudley Diamond” weigh- ing about 46 carats is another important stone, come from the Cape. It is triangular in shape, very brilliant, perfectly free from color and very diffi- cult of distinction from an old Indian stone. It was sold by Messrs. Hunt and Roskell to the pre- sent Earl of Dudley. The Brazilian Government is in possession of some very large and curious stones. The Spanish Government is also very rich in Diamonds and other jewels. In the Russian Treasury is a brilliant Ruby-co- lored Diamond of 10 carats, bought by Paul I, for 1,00,000 roubles. Mr. Dresden, a London merchant, possesses a drop-shaped Diamond ; one of the finest stones at present in the market. It was lately found at Brazil ; is perfectly free from flaws and has extra- ordinary brilliancy. It weighs 76 J carats. In the “ Green Vaults” at Dresden, there is a green Diamond which once belonged to Augustus the Strong. It is remarkably beautiful and weighs 48-g carats. Here are also some very beautiful parures, and four very valuable yellow Brilliants, the largest of which weighs 117^ and the smallest 52|- grains respectively. A TREATISE ON GEMS. There are two large Diamonds with the Turkish Government, one of which is of 84 and the other | of 147 carats in weight. There are several Diamonds of more or less bril- liance and weight, in Bunnah and China ; also in | the possession of some of the native princes and | noblemen, in India (especially at Hydrabad, Baroda and Puttiala.) There are some very beautiful and j costly Diamonds in Bengal, particularly, some with | the Maharajah of Burdwan, Nawab Abdool Gunny j C.S.I. of Dacca* and Maharani Surnomoye of Cos- simbazar.f Some of the rich families in Calcutta have Diamonds, conspicuous alike for their size | and brilliance ; amongst which may be mentioned the stones set in finger-rings, belonging to the | estates of Babu Kally Kissen Tagore, J Coomars Baj Coomar Roy and Kally Kissen Roy, and the late \ Babu Khelut Chunder Ghose. There are some very | good Diamonds in the Mullick Pamily. There j are also some valuable Kanthds or necklaces, to be found with the natives of this country, ! amongst which may be cited those in the posses- ’ sion of Rai Dhunput Singh Bahadoor of Azimgunj, Rai Budridas Mokeem ( Jeweller to His Excellen- ; cy the Viceroy and Governor- General of India) and of the estate of the late Babu Khelut Chunder i Ghose. * Used by the Nawab’s son as an armlet. t Also with Joshee jee of Benares, and in the estate of the late Jug- gut Sett of Moorshedabad. X This Diamond shows a rosy color. '• 184 THE DIAMOND. Several remarkable Diamonds are to be seen in the estate of the Ilon’ble Maharajah Joteendro Mohun Tagore Baliadoor, of Calcutta. Amongst those that are set in rings may be men- tioned the “ Tagore Brilliant ,” a Diamond of about 55 Ratis* in weight, of the purest water and very great brilliance, free from any flaws whatever ; the “ Sulch-tdrd” ( or the Morning Star), very white and of a round shape ; the Arum- dhati (the Sanskrit name for a certain star), flawless and of exquisite heauty and purity ; and the Banga-tdrd, (or the star of Bengal,) rose-cut, of great lustre, and of a lovely rose-tint ; without the slightest spot or flaw in it. There is a brilliant Cape Diamond, (also set in a ring,) circular in shape and weighing about 34 Ratis. The large Diamond of about 50 Ratis, which is set in the Seerpaich or head-ornament of the Maharajah is a specimen of rare beauty. A splendid greenish Diamond, belonging, according to the jewellers, to the j Bunsput species, (which are believed to bring good luck to the owner,) bought of the late Sooklal Johury, adorns the crown of the Maharajah’s family idol. There is also in the Maharajah’s estate a mag- nificent hanthd, consisting of 19 brilliant Diamonds, the largest of which weighs about 37 Ratis and the smallest, about 6. It has heen valued by the jewellers at 80,000 Rupees. # A Rati is one-eighth less than a carat. (©-dfrr A TREATISE ON GEMS, 185 There is also in the possession of the Hon’ble Maharajah a red Diamond, called the “ Cingalese 5 Red,” set in a ring, and weighing about 10 ratis. The stone is so red that no layman would know it for anything else but a Ruby. But, in fact, it is a rare specimen of a Diamond, conspicuous alike for its brilliancy and flawlessness, and without having the faintest tinge of what are called the “ milky” imperfections, so common in the Ruby. It is said to have been discovered in a mine at Cey- lon, and to have remained for sometime in the possession of a respectable family of that place. Joliurlal Mokeem, son of the late Boodh Sins: Mokeem of Delhi, had this gem brought to him by a Chulia ( petty dealer), and has subsequently sold it to the Hon’ble Maharajah. 186 irfawrai i *r«r *nfroi I PW | 0 \ fWt wfw 511 qftnrrr l 'iNifw ^tfw <T^ ^prffwqq^ ii e ftreir g q^r^TTwgrri I ^<t qjnqrt^r f ^rr ii ^ II ^TOkiTOl*W*W*r ^kfwre faf: I wrw ^kr iVmfcr q^f^ri ii ns II *nfoRC*JT pR7*f I qfe?r qftq? qjqq t, fqp*, tt^wtt^t fi’fi ^ faq «nrtt*F wfaqi qig[i ■skT 1 1 1 qik 5 b1p£ qfk<r qnir q\ % fiqqr, ^n^n: vj ^T «nrt frPT Wiritft ^1T ^TTffr # , ^lk«T fw?T ^3T*T oft 1111^ qq^T *fclT if, sJtPT, ^fk W, *ft ITflU 'ftfTl ’P, ^^HRT TtlT VW, 'lk q*T<5fit $nf%^ qr?q T; ^ripr W^R '?k> <Tt ^*qrt qkferi itiff t*; ^k <pzT. t*T*f wt llfll qq^T 'fkr TOST W q^j Ttm qr\ ^k ^Wt qtiqfo qi^q T’ | ^|^g | A TREATISE ON GEMS, Translation RUBY. 187 152. According to some authorities, the ruby is found in Ceylon and the lands bordering upon the Indus and the Havana Ganga. 153 — 154. According to others, ruby quarries are found in Ceylon, Kalpur and Tumbura. The rubies of Ceylon are beautifully red ; those of Kdlpur are yellow, and are called kuruvinda ( rubicelle ) ; and those of Tumbura are furnished with a blue shade and are hence called nilagandhi (violet ruby). That ruhy which shoots a gleam green as the leaf of the asolca goes by the name of saugandhika ( spinel ). CTOl C^Ffa ^ I I (TO CTO ^R, f * ' 2 w ^ ^ TOi ctoi Ui°to- cTOtTO (Tfffe w iro<; TOroiti TOt?r wfinrl tiro ; arc TO 5 ^ to; ci TO TOi- TOtTO ciViUff to; ill ctoto iTOi f^s I *frO| M8 i i i flfafTT^T I 188 <K ^tT*T faWtWrl TJWftlpf I ib=r*r^?i: II ^MLyi fl TfrlT #, ^f^TsTITTC ^T^T>TT i;ipfiT *T‘SHT *TTfW3i ff|*T Tt<TT *“ I K'l'i I *nfw^ir *nfw«R ^r, ^fT5 %?TH f f[^ *RT5T Tt?T f , %rT% c[^ WqRJK SETHTCii ^*I5T> ifc?T* Tf^7ir^tjf% ^T*T «WTsPTW^R^»TTt I ^Tf=n*ipfr *R1T^ f*T^W*TW II ^ 8 cTC^WT I f^"T wl TT^T VfaT # , ^ifc 5ft TTTfasfi tT^T A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 155. The rubies of Ceylon are good par excel- lence, while those of Tumbura are at the bottom of the scale, the rubies found in K&lpur occupying the middle position. Rubies vary in value in ac- cordance with the place where they are respectively found. 156 — 159. Of rubies, some are like the bandhiU ha* flower, some are like the gunjd berry, some like the cochineal, some like the China rose, some like blood, some like the seeds of the pomegranate, some like the flower of the butea frondosa , <7tC*t (71 TOf, ; Wt<T, Wtf^" ftei -m, i * A species of plant. : THiTFri O'. ^ ^TT^TT^^Tfq ^^TT^T^wf: I *TS?jfa TR JR*fT *RfR ^T^T^Z*T^Tr»TT: II f^^^frnRftrsr- ITcTO^TWR^W^R: I TRUR Tft^R^^KV fv^wfaiftrar II ^R^ftRWTRRt ^WIRTR^rTCR ^f^rT | Ni ^ ^ ftforfatflRt O >J g^if^t ^r^fr^TTwt n^yte 11 crrsTfTT i i<T«r ^*TR, %rr?T *TTO*TO$, *RR, irR *■ C\ S ' > TR^% ^RR» %<R *RRR *RR> 3icR Tri^ ^ W, *hr *rrr otr, irrjT f i*r<r ^rr, ^rt5 ^ftapreftniOT *RTWR *RR, ’Sjfc qr^foT^hg** *RR> %7R T‘l^i *RR» ^ ^?R *RR, ^<R 3Rf%%^ <STR ^qR^i "crz^ **R» % vj ^t«T ^ I %*l$\ %*lv I I I A TREATISE ON GEMS, Translation 191 some like red lead, some like tlie red lotus, some like saffron, some like alakta* some like deep blood, some like deep alakta , some like the kusuma flower, some like alakta with a shade of blue, some like the flower of astercicantha logifolia and Jcantakdrl, f some like vermilion, some like the eyes of the Greek partridge, cuculus Indicus, or the Indian crane, and some like the interior of the half-blown red water lily. 9 ft? 9 ft? R«U'S*4 *Rt*b M- '©f?T W^ 5 ?! '®f^r 'S Wft, Wf# C<F '8 TfRfl ^°s srtfeef^jifo c?fM (w^) ^%ri «ttT<F I I ! i # The red resin of certain trees, t Vide aiitd. 192 nfinwsn i qqq i C\ qTq: ^fe^^qqTqf I qrtrqt qqfqr II %$o I) qt *r^qpr: f qfqs^srq q qq «tt?t: q&feq^qqq I v n3 q fTTnUTRi: H %$\ || q 3 TRWTI^Rt ^Tqsq f qfq^t | ^3Tf^5F q% qqqiq qf%q\ qT^qqjr W^Sq ^sfzqi^sfr ^Tfwqi qq^T ^fTT t, ^*ri q^Tq y", qffc ^r*r vw q'faiqqfqqsrq ^ri^r qiqq q>qqf qqiq ^ i wT $qfq^ wt^ q\q, q¥ qsfz^vft qq^T Ttwr q\ qjqq qq wq' qjqqt qtq, %f%q fqqqqiT Ttq qqT ^rr^r # * # q^q^T^rc ^\ t , wz^qq^T qrqfq qrfqqqTfqfw qTfq^fi qqTq qfl TtqT % | \$% I TTqqqiqqq qfr fqfq^ qqqT qfai tT, qq qifwq% qqiq iqqr kw^jk q>rr q, %f%q qifw^ii qqiq ftfqqTq qfq* I ^ I qiT^T’T^rq T]7f fq^qiWT q qR^Tf^q: II ^ II q^qqi l A TREATISE ON GEMS, 193 Translation, 160. The saugcmdhiJca resembles the crystal in brightness, weight and hardness ; and its color is like that of the red-lotus dashed with blue. 161. Of kuruvinda rubies, that which is reddish, owes its origin to crystal ; still its inner lustre is such as even to surpass the brightest padmardga.* 162. The kuruvindcis which are produced in the Rdvctnagangd, are red like the padmar&ga, but are not so bright. ‘‘TOM ^ TOT C^t (TTtfTO'f C^S TOT, v9«ltf*t TOft W CTO ^ (71, T5 rf% =rl i <rtWTO® (7i wt qp, TO^rl TOtTO (TTtfel qW to, fro TOi^ fl%- * A kind of ruby. Y 194 jtfirorai j qqqi qssrsrlfq firar^Nf T^qteft^¥wqf' I <\ * qnn*?l‘ fffqfq qw qWrpfi’ Trail ^ II ?f fqqiT^' ^qiqqqsitTrq i q^iq^qq^TI^ qlwq W^tIW II ^8 II qqqflT I «TTfW5R^T T^-m Wt ^ft qiq # , Wt qq \9 qfa* f%^T ^TcIT ^ I wTqTt-fwqsfir vw q^rqftq- ^ °\ qrq%> qqra, qrq«ft q^wtfq, fw^qfiT w w^Tt% \j ®s ’ o TO ftTTO#* ; f^rasfiT XW qftei qqra, <mw\ ^mfq- ; f«r^T tw qqqpqqii qqTq, ^'Wt ^Tt^ IWi ; fwqqiT vw w qqTq, qq^T ; fsrqqiT ^Tqiq% ^T^Tlii ^T^T, 'swt f % q ; fwqqq qw qqra^qq> qqiq, qqqrt q*T ; ’sftq f^qqiT TW fq^qqqi qqTq, qqoR> q^qqjqi •s ft - ^ qr?q ^ I I fw^T q-f TiftTufri qqiq, qfqqi ; fqrq^iT WTqi^Tqq) qqiq, qqsfct qqjq*^ ; fwqqiT °\ W qri^T^ qqjq> qq^rt ^qiqq ; fsrqqiT q^ f^q- qjq^i qjqiq» qqqrt qTnqTqqqT^q ; fqjqqii qtwq% qqiq, qq^t qtwq ; ’qtq fqqqir q^ qqqtqnqtwqqi qqiq, qqqft qqqqiTK^ qi^q * K^8i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 195 Translation. 163. Rubies liave different appelations according to tlieir colors. That -which is like the bdndhuli flower, is called bandhujibi, that resembling the gunja berry, is called sikhandika, that which is like the cochineal, is called indragopi, that which resembles the China rose, is called odrapushpaha, that which is like blood, is called raktdkliya, that which is like the seed of the pomegranate, is called kuttimci , that which is like the kinsuka flower, is called parna, and that which is like vermilion, is called simantaka. 164. That ruby the color of which is like mountain slime, is called gairikdkhya , that which is like saffron, is called surjasanga, that which is like lac, is called drumdmaya, that which is like the kusuma flower, is called mahdrdjanagandhi, that which is like asteracantlia longifolia, is called gokshura and that which is liketlie solatium jciquini, is called kcmta - kdrika (Almandine Ruby.) 'srcprf? i <r< ^*f sri- M TRW* btfwfar ; ^ e f ^ csff^r ; 196 JT^JTI C\ ^ wfwTITl' fftf^ | *ttww q\qM qrfw’ fq$: i qq q-5?fqq* fag ^Tfir^r* *jfa ^nqir ii %^\\ qwfgqifaq^qTq^tir cT 3 TP?T I pr^t g g %fqq gqqrg^i : ii n qgq ^Rfzqfitfsn^t tit 1 qwiqqf w^tr fa it *prr: u % ^ 11 <TOWI fare^T w fal^i qqiq, RTJTWt gfangq ; fa»gq>T qqk q^fti g^Tq, ggitT qqikm; fars^T T,f qrfaqr^ qj-faq qqiq, ^gql - qftfaqrr^ ; faTO W ^I^q^ ^T^TT«T> 'qfa fareqiT T& gTgqqqrqi qgiq, ^qig^ ^i^ii ^ I ^^faq* qfat sra-fTfPctBRT qifaqi qq^T *€Vrri ^ i ^ l ^ 5 rt gifaq q^T TtffT #, < 3 *fair farwr fagqggqTT w Ttq, ^rit tP m gm 'rtcfT ^ I I Tpe** qfifeqfa gfaqft titw g> gifaq. qq^T ’fhn I, gfnfiT ?j*r q^cr q*g rt q I % qq i A TREATISE ON OEMS. 197 Translation. 1G5. The ruby the color of which is vermilion, is called manirdga, that which resembles the eye of the Greek partridge, is called chakardksha, that which is like the eye of the cuculus Indicus, is called kokildksha, that which is like the egg of the Indian crane, is called sdrasdkhya, and finally that which is like the red-lotus, is called Icokanada. The earth produces a splendid variety of the kinds enumerated above. 166. The Andhra country* produces rubies re- sembling the kuruvinda of Rdvanagangd. These have the same value as kuruvindas. 167. The padmardgas of Tumbura, which resemble in color crystaline padmardgas, are of small worth. i sriTfa cnlwra <7Ftw 4 3c 8? i^^n^r ^rrt?r, cwp$- i wfaisl sttlTF i w i Ri#te i ^ i ^ <7fc*t ^ *frr<rft?t?r (71 ^«TJ ^ slflTF I ^°l I The modern Teliugana. Its people are called Andarce by Pliny. i C\ f¥*sT<TT wwr ^*tt l ^rfi^TTT *mn ^ *nifat : II % II *TTfW^ TT^Tfa W^TfcP^^r I ?n®raf^farw ^rr* wm* « * l w^r^TTrt Ssnrfag: *rara: i *fafa**V ^tf^T ^T^^^WTird^: II VO°ll ^rtsn^^T^rc: I 5^T3T> f%«r: *4^T II W II crrswx i «3T^T KW, *TT^> ^r3*TT, ^WR* W7 3)^ *pft *T5 ^SRT 5^T WR ^ I ^ I WgTSTSfit <*T^W, f 35 ^ ^ WTW ^ff<T I, ^ TT5iR ^TffWt ^ WTSfrt' «TTcf t, ^TT^T^t ^T^T5i ^3iT ^1 I mfnnfi ^Tfer^ ^5^ Sfi’WT ^TTcfl 1 1 V'S® I fsfifa fafa iT%<Ti *TrI% cTT^TW^W ^rrfw^i *T*rai»rar, ^$T5ii3r% ^iitto sr- f%faxg ^rnt 1 %'$% l A TREATISE ON GEMS Translation. 168. Heaviness, coolness, evenness, lustre, thick- ness, deepness of color and auspiciousness are the principal good qualities of gems. 169. The four-fold division into castes obtains also among rubies. The characteristics of each class I shall now describe. 170. The padmaraga (Oriental Ruby) is reck- oned a Vipra (Brahmin'), the kuruvinda (Rubicelle) a Khetriya, the Saugandhika (Spinel) a Yaisya, and the Mansa-khanda (Balas Ruby) a Sudra. 171. Some say that the Vipra rubies emit a shade red like the color of the red-lotus or the red-hot charcoal of the Acacia Catechu. ism, f^5l, **5^*1, ^ 3FPI 'sfvtonr ^*1 ^fl i ^ i ‘'T’cnrt^f ti mttvz 5fjt?r icfal W® ^iiwi 200 jtfjffJRrerT I jreur i C\ *'■> f^rfa^ msw. u^n f^: H ^33 || f%ww^ ftifrnr. i sft ^ftsjfu^: tTTq^rr^: n »* cTOWT I ^ f = r=ra ^ fa ^ rr , f %*§ 5 > *fwst gtcr, 3lIT#t ^T'TTTi) ^T'T *W?T* TtrfT t I I *nftWT ^T> ^T v3 J Ttm ^l^i ’S^’W *TtW^ ^tlf^T^, f^WW, sft^T W t«lT % I VS 8 it *v"\ ° >t t WW ?wftflR^T gT^Jirgiir, ^^cT O \J II Translation. 172. The Kshetriya ruby casts forward a shade resembling in hue a gunjd, vermilion, or the flower of the bandhuka, the orange, or the pomegranate. 173. From the Yaisya saugandhika comes out a shade like vermilion, the flower of the asokci, the China rose, or alakta ; or a red lustre tinctured with yellow. 174. A Sudra mdnsakhanda emits a reddish, unbeautiful, .and glossy shade resembling a piece of flesh.* i '©$1 ( f ^)> ft?ri ^ m*. i x s 'mwFFZ W T^\ 1^8 It * The Ruby which is red-white, is a Brahmin , that which is deep red, is a Kshetriya, that which is red-yellow, is a Yaisya, and finally that which is red-blue, is a Stidra. ^r^rrf^o-f5r2K<»rt#f, 202 <x "■ igWT^TT ^USTTTff *pfNf: II || wt^it ^ira I II V 3 f H ^rrc^Tftr^^ w«ct I w. ^wr^rer. f^V^tfsr^T^: n \\3\3 11 f^^TsT^WWT TOTT^^f^^T: I ^t^t: ^w- ^f^fwm: n n ^T9?TT ^fMWRT I i^WT II ^\9£- || 3TTfWffr WT^T cRTTT I T?RT^ *T%rT ^ifnr^if *m t^TOT^ WRT, -$m ^TTZIT^T^T *fj% 3T^ % I I f^rf ^r^-arii *rrf<iraw ^rrw^?r«r, vr^r^iit ^rafrr W^fYrfi ^TTTj «fik^Tj 'RTT^f ^fk '^WfT 3 fT ^ XWl* WRT f*k<T TtrTT % ifk ^TTHT^cft WT3T t I I V^ I f *rfw£ ^>sr^w» wi Wk w*r- *J*IPF WRT fa^TT 'Ftrft 1 1 | ^TTfer-R ^rpir^r ^r, <krtfa%s-g kk m^T ^Tkk^T WT^T faTTOTcft % *T«r TOW WT3T ^THT cfi^ t | ^\Q<5 I cTCTSWT I A treatise; on gems 203 ■? Shades and other Qualities of Rubies, Translation. 175. The authorities mention sixteen kinds of shade, four good and eight bad properties of rubies. 176 — 177. The rubies of Ceylon emit a gleam like the red -lotus, the glow-worm, fire, or the eye of the pigeon, the cuculus Indicus, the Indian crane or the Greek partridge. All these shades are auspi- cious. 178. The Kuruvinda shoots a shade resembling red lead, the gunjd berry, or the flower of sym- plocos racemosa or of the butea frondosa. 179. The saugandhika gem scatters a gleam either pale-red or like milk or the water colored by the crocus Sativus ; — of these, the milky lustre blights wealth. i ^<t i | ^ i ^ i ©Si A f%°sW | it?n ^ n^i j #1 W < «T © ^ r!h fwt< i ^a> 1 *rtfro i i 204 I C\ *ft 5 ?3iTf5?R*nRT I 4t*RfeRw: ^r? o %*° « iT(«rT I <R 3ttf%f*RRR WRRR* fafaffiR II %K% II ^Tl^wan^t farwt ^ftf%rTT «Rffl **8^T*PT STTfq * *RR*!r ^7t II n cirSTOT I ^ft^RfeRfa* ^ 4k 4t%% *rr ' WRT Or^Rrft % I I TTIT^R WffTf *£SR WS *JR ^TTlTTm TH 5 ?^ *4if ^T*R trR Q\ ir^T^ wrt s*Rt ir^rrar Ttaft i %*% \ ^4% W*R aTTfc^R^ srraw <trr *rr4t ^x% ^ infirai *RT*jwfafw ^R?ft ig-fR 4k ^ 4 i %*z\ i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 205 Translation. 180. The nilagmdi shines in a halo like the blue lotus or iron. 181. When the ruby is placed over a mirror and is then exposed to the morning sun, the glass will flash with a lustre composed of all the above-men- tioned shades. 182. That ruby which, when exposed to the sun ‘ new risen,’ radiates red rays or paints the whole house with crimson, is surpassingly fair. T'irA Itll (TTt I ^ | f*t$n ^r, <it^i <rf^ TO, (Tit i ^ | 206 flfjffJTPsTT I CK ^ftf%rTT«5TT ^ ^tR: II A ■JT^T'sft^: 7%W' WOTfirt I wsrgfTr ^ ^h?: *rem*ns: II \*s 11 ; *v ; *Htft fJcT^WIfT I * trircnrmt txRRfa y A ! | sgx ^xtw ssr^f^m^fa: I I ^V^Tfjfn ^ fa^V. TORifiranw n ii ^ %vw\ mX i ’st^rt *n<jr- far^r wm mx, wit *rifw?R ^¥T^?r ^tt^t *fr ^t1%^ srjr# vrenfft ^r XTfW3> ^TT*T% XT^TT^r ^NiT Wf^'fTfaijr 'ftcft t 1 | cRsmi i ^Tfnr^ri «5TT^T Ttfri ^ I I ^TlfasR TO% RTX 7f*T tf^T^T ®v, ^ ^W*r ^rShsT % i %*s i %RT t*TT, ^ l» ^ffc tXrTT^TT^ # I I WTOfsrt T* ^ ^ Xrf’Pfi^} XJXJ XR- A TREATISE ON GEMS. 207 Translation. 183. That padmardga which, on being cast into a quantity of milk a hundred times its bulk, makes the white mass one entire sheet of red, or sends out a red flame, is nonpareil. 184. That padmardga which, like the sun, can destroy even Egyptian darkness, is supremely ex- cellent. 185. That padmardga which, when placed on the lotus-bud, anon makes it blossom, is Perfection’s self — and is hardly attained even by the Gods. 186. The padmardga which is perceptible from a distance like a flame, is entitled vansaJcdnti , — it leads to wealth. I (7i ^<r1 f*wi err!' qfaqi (7i ^rote's srirr l C N | toi to, c«r4 i ^8 1 ? t \ <4^° OfWff^cP'Q l DWt l (7i p ^t© ^ifp f*wp ^rtir pj- ^?r, ^ft7F to, <p°x will I TOtn i % ft 3RTT T&rfiraWTi ^^T^^«rf%f%^T5T^iiT: o %^q H ^Tfww^ ^flT^TTrTT ffal I *raptf qpnrcrat TOif* ^renft f%w i %*** g f%^R<5T ^Wx' *i*3?WT I ^raihnf ^tf^rw ¥*rrf*w f ll II sitstot i ^ft TTTfnr^i TT¥TW% ^3ft ijw ^t^f, 'sqfa ^POTT WT % TO* f?PT *t*w f > «fr ^€r *tot ^ , ^TTOT *TTf%SR ^ ^^T^TT ft** TTTfw^» f, *4\x *3* <^^SfiT *Tf** ^ I ** f?T^rt *Tfw?R ftarrei *f\Tva # I I TSTOT^ q%*t^ ^TTfWsB^T ^UJ f%f%**T **q W?\ tT ? *qft*q*T* fqi*Tfft % I ^^1 f^nra, fro<*, *wX TOta*> ^rfqjqr, ** ** qft ^rrf*fqifa*q;T ’ftqi t:wT stt* i i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 209 Translation. 187. All those padmardgas that, on being thrown into a quantity of milk or of water pure or blue two hundred times their bulk, crimson the li- quid, conduce to prosperity though they differ among themselves as regards worth. 188. I shall now describe the eight bad proper- ties of rubies, which have been enumerated by the authorities. 189. Dwi-chchhdyatwa, virdpatya, samveda, Icar- Jcara, asovana, holcila, jar a, and dhumra, are the defects commonly found in rubies. 'sr^rbt i ct *i<ft *ff?roli c ra ^ ffcftsrc, ^ I W I ^ <£W?r c?ft ^fwl f^rtu^r, Q it carton* '« wi wl i w* i «rc*tt«=r, <7Flf%*r, w& 'Q ^ Offt ffc ^ I *W& I I • CK ^ *refTf|<nTO®R5TW I v v5 q^q f%xr^^*r q^T^q; n \e° n *nw^t faqrfqrqw I qi|q q^Tgqf q^q^fqqTwqjl ^ II qq Wf%tf **^£75*171 I ^»T5T^gffS *TTf%^- TOf :■ n ^ II cTtswi I f%^r qifqqiq- qtf^fqq^t wt^t faq>t> \ v fq^T^ ®R'?W V, qifqqi qsqqit •TTW qrcm t ; Trifw^ q*ft% qfqftqiT fqqiq qfeq qnrirV, ft^q qTfqqi nr^N^ qq ^n*r =f tt ^ I \t-° I qifqqi ^fqiqirrq qfV # , q7T?; VTfvriq WT^^T TtTTT #, ^qq qiqw ■?*, q*r^ WTfwqi qTqfcFBt WT9TTO qqq W77 qfV qq?T I qifqqiir wf qr^ror ^wr qrit, qir qqrc: *qq q, q^\ Wife, V$ qffa q^sfit qTW qiT<TT I I W I fqt^r q'Tfw^q' fq-% qqrq qi^T qfar Tt, ^qqfaq ^qq =?*, ’qqftqq qrfqq» qqr ^:qr- ^ li^i Translation. 190. The padmardga which emits a two-fold shade is called a dwi-chchhdya. A dwi-chchhdya ruby is the death of friends. That ruby which bears a mark like a bird’s foot, is called a vinipa. A vinlpa gem always brings humiliation to its master. 191. A samveda ruby is one which shows a mark like a rift. This gem renders its owner liable to blows from a weapon. A karlcara ruby bears in its bosom a gritty fragment. It causes the death of friends and is also fatal to domestic beasts. 192. That padmardga which naturally appears as if it were immersed in milk, goes by the name of asovana ; this gem is the source of a multiplicity of evils. l tot, m 5Tl, <t5l- WM TOT (3 ^ tot, ^ x 3 <p^m i ^ i *foi?rWc? ^fror «rti*i to, cb TOtt® 5 ! TOT, ^ $5E«fo I I 212 JPsWI Ov ?TtfW ^fc^f^rT I J v) UfW UsT URUUj ^ o jfhl? UUUTOffTTTUgRT | WET* V^UT^K t^rT ^3TT^i?T II ^8 Q f%^7T uu*ft mrafshn: I ^rfa HTHT *T UT3[f ufaufa^TTT II II TfOWTI UTfU3W fwi:^ ^*TT«T tT, ^Wl ssVfeiu ! t‘, sfitfu?* uifau ft^ra ^k ?ttu 3rcm u* i T*t ureu ^<ti UT^ ^ TJ%^5TT W5TTf%^ ufV I Wt TTTfw^i TW^JK ufV, «fiUU ■?', u^§ *i?ra^F*T Tnfwu u*r ^k mu # j -y t ^ UTf%UUt W SfiUU i‘, ’UUmffT Cn ^ ^ «\ UTfau fUTTrlT U I ^<58 I ^ u^r ’srIN ^tn: fayu^r* ^«r ^%?i- UTfcu UUTBrr^ kf^T^ mfU # , ^k k<U?r, T?% Ulfu^i ^T^TTT Ui%^T% ^ mU UT TOUU UT TWUT | ^!(l Translation. 193. The mark in a ruby which looks like a drop of honey, is called a Jcokila. A JcoJcila ruby is inimical to life, wealth and fame, and must be shunned. 194 The quality of being discolored is called jara. A jar a padmardga causes loss of wealth. The color of a padmdrciga which looks like smoke, is called dhumra. * A dhumra - colored padmardga renders one liable to lightning-stroke. 195. The above-mentioned rubies are worthless and pernicious, and should never be treasured up, even were they to be had for the gathering. 'STSfTpT l C¥tf%*r tot, Rtfro 's to, HwTO wfc wl tou to i i ws to, to, tot, ^ar- M wttro to i 1 #1 fTO% ^TI- fft, TOlRu>^ s 1 wfa ^ *rtfTOR =ri ns><t i * Literally, smoke. JTCOT | C\ - ftqTfqqqqqft q qqq: ^faqRqr: I qqqq qf qqj ^«T ^ITc^qTTqq: II ^ II q W qifa^qftqf^gT: JwfqW. qw fqqqf: I 5T q ‘9 'stwt ^nsr^ft qqfqt qqiqqt qifq*jq: ^rqqn li ? <*\9 8 ftftq^f qfaqqfqii: fqqfqr q: q^q qf^tq I f q*Tf :qrxq qqjqfqrT- qnri^qt ftqqHTI »TW II II frowi i f%q qif^rqj^t ftqi ftfefqqft f*, ^qffj; qret qtT w,qftqqqt fqfq q^%qi t^TT triT f\ q^ q-^rnrt ftqsnq q^qT^T f* ftq ffq% ft qqq^ qftii qjqftqT fqqiq ft, ^rqu vT\^qrr q^w ^ I I q*t qTfaq qw^i qrqfq qw\^TT, ifT 'qqfq W^qT^T, qfqrq, ^rqfqqqqT, qqiftq, ’qqfq^tfo- ftq, qf qr qmf q qjqq?;T, qffa fqqq qnifq qq^r. q qi qifqq qqq qnq, qqqr w iw qfqq ft, tfqq qft qrr^r qfq I I qqq qtT qri^ft q^Tq =*ffa qiT^ftq ^qqt qifqq q%q, ft qq*: qq ’qT^qtqt qn, ftqq qq^qq qnrqT $:wtq qqqT ft^T IU C I A TBEATISE ON GEMS, 215 Translation, 196. Those rubies ..which send out a two-fold shade, bring about loss ; and those which are marked with a bird’s foot in two several places, are the cause of defeat. 197. Those which bear gritty fragments and are indented, dirty, lack-lustre, rough and discolor- ed, are certainly unlucky, although they may be otherwise good and may belong to a superior caste. 198. If through ignorance, a person happens to wear a defective ruby, loss of friends, destruction of wealth et cetera, are the inevitable consequences. ( 71 7 ITO C* fN fefH ^t?Tl fwf, ^ r s 7 T§Fff% Tt ^‘f 7 !^ ffw ^ TS -2RF3 TO I ^ I #1 «rlir*i to, TO1 r c 7 ! '^sRR I 216 nfSnmsiT i H^T^'S’TTT^f'T *nS*TI*r i ^Tif^^fr Wfo qnfq^ll ? «.<$ n ^tqtqq^q^qi^ ^ w ^ftq^qua **tfa^qf*ri i $<r. ^fitwr 3t q^TTTl q^rit frofffl V° ■ 'q^T^r q^sfa ^t fi*TT<ft\ ^tst wftqfq ^fsfi sram | cf^TT vrr^Tiftqq^T^ ^Wtffr f^nfcr: ii \*% n cf^SIWT I »pkfw *nf%q; Tip, ^ ^*TT *4^T 'iftaw T'f^qxir WqiT^l# q'STtffTT’fSfit flq^faqq q^" , <fj%rt ^ Wf ?fa[ ^rff qfifr U<«<« I «rt ^mfrl rTlWI^T q^PfiV *TCl3^T qqi qTfwqt q%f, ?ft WT^HR q%T, <it ^*TcfiT f’q ^ft^T^T ’ft ^T I I fafa q%?TT% *T<T% *f*T*ft qrfl #, % TTcjj ’qT^T^I ^ sH’SPPfit ^fq?! q^trll ^ m^nsr qqi fqwiOr ift ift ^W^fit £f%7J qj^r ^ I I A TREATISE ON GEMS, 217 Translation, 199. The man who keeps in his house a sterling padmardga, can witli perfect safety, constantly live in the midst of enemies, and is impervious to the attacks of adverse fortune. 200. He who wears a paclmardga of matchless virtues, need not apprehend any mischief from the foul touch of bad padmardgas without number. 201. According to some, as the contact of a single chanddla* suffices to contaminate ever so many Brahmins, even so one impure gem serves to pol- lute pure gems ad infinitum. ?t#t1 ’TO TO to, TOl TOl cTO TOw , $rTO 4 1 ^fTO TO y<I 5f1 I c^i wTO ton TO TO, TOtl^ TON *lt*R TOf® 5f1 I v° l TON'S TO <4^ W[ F^tTO CTO *T5 TO? TON igTO TOR, (Tft^TO fwtf% ?R?« TO TO TOsHTON W fwtfTO TOTO TOi ^IROI * The generic name for a man of the lowest and most despised of \ the mixed tribes, born from a Sudra father and a Brahmin mother. TON i B B 218 jRfrwmr i Wr ^rrg f^Tfl^: ^ffnl Wpmf: I rTSTTf^r *W II ^ II *ffrr^r ^T^rf f%$nft fakirs: I fa^T^f%5TTf?i f^^Tf^^Tf^ll ^ II *pgTwq*n^ ^r tot favgwj tWTOVOTfil *TOTvai ^T^w: n ^og B °\ cTTSTHT I 71^3 f^^Tl% mtit ^T<T *?fai 1J*TR qw •?> *if% ^WT, ^aJW. W^ir f%^Tq*T TtrTT ^1 ^ I fa^nfa *rfw cR’iSi ^ «nr? qi^ir*ft q^ t*tt *r^Tfaq» 'w » qf^?i <jft?T #, fq^TfrT^fw aflfainrfa^ q^T^TI ^Tf%qi ??f% I I qJTT^T ?TTM^ f?R> ^ST^T ^IrT, ^t ^ wii *?> *n?n ^ TTTIT, W’f gnw ^ I ^ ° 8 I Translation. 202. Tlie colors of defective rubies are never like those of good rubies, yet to a certain extent they differ one from the other in color in accordance with their respective mines. 203. Bad rubies should never be worn, although set along with the best rubies — nay, should they happen to be in company with Kaustuva* itself. 204. Padmardgas which resemble in shape a gunjd berry , may weigh three, seven or ten gunjds, and the heaviest is th’e most precious. ?r#2f<Ft*[ fwtf% sift wft ^ =ri> 1%^ TO ^#5 faftK f^ftK C^TQ ^1 I I fwtfts sjf^i 7T^c2t<Ft3 sjf^ TO® <4W TOi <sm 1% TOtTO <RT?R, fwtft® TO Sif^s TOf toi 1 v*® i '©stwro *ito ,: TOtTOf“ts5 'sto f^f, TO >® Tf*t ^$tTOfTO ^F® TOb 'SWT TO TOFF vsfft ^<b \TO ^5 TObh <2Tf^rar i ^°8 1 * The name of a celebrated jewel obtained with thirteen other preci- ous things at the churning of the ocean. It was suspended on the breast of Krishna. 220 nfin-m^r i « I ^rwtWTWTWiFCt' WT^STT^ft fSTpa'SiT^ I W^TTWTf *5Rf?T ^T^Tl'Jrt II ^°yi II W^faragWETt n: qxf^TOTTTO: I ^i^^wwfwflirfawreifrreqi: i ^°<*\\ WVTOTCrg^t g*t W%q|[ 3TWTW. I m*|*ffa*rcrpft 11 ^°o n ctOTflT I *figq;^ ^^f?r ^Tfwt wwtw w^i wif^ %WT*W WTT, ^fVZ, WTW tl ^WT '9 | ^ | fw^WIT ^ W%TWi W*TR ^ ^WWiT TTW ^TWWW WIT, ^3T Wj\t 3?t WIWT ^T ^TW%i Wi«r3i WWTW §, W¥ ^IWWW fwu, fa* ^*5fT WTWTWWi %T WWiT # I ^ I T^T^i Wi*% WWT* TUfal* frTW, ^SIWWT ^t "WWWT ww? wtwt Ttw:, 7rpwwrfai*if wwi* *t wifar* Tfa, ** ^WW* WTT, frfw, ^T WIT T£Wf %T*T *> WTffT # I ^\Q I Translation. 205. Padmardgas resembling tlie fruit of Kroshtu (Terminalia Catappa), may weigh two, eight or twelve gunjas. 206. That padmardga which is plum-shaped, weighs nine, ten or twelve mdshds, * that resem- bling the fruit of the Emblic Myrobalam in shape, weighs sixteen, twenty or thirty mdshds. 207. A rudrdltshya- shaped! 'padmardga weighs one, two or three mdshds ; a tdmbuli- shaped $ padmardga weighs from one to four tolas. Tti, *r*f 'e ; c*f©1% TO, crater Rm iv^i f%^, it -3 <£& *rW ; Ftfir, it * ^ vo i * A particular weight of gold, = five krishnalas = T Vth suvarna (the weight iu common use is said to be about seventeen grains Troy). Williams. f The berry of a kind of tree, Elaeocarpus Ganitrus. t The berry of a plant of the same name. flfaUflTWI <K " '9Rfi: q?r wt^5t ^ ?r qrvm I qr^TI 3-T%5T fT^T f%f%^WT^?IT?T II if^njrnr. ^ qff^qqiT: i fqqriqq: qqf q fq3TWT^q^i ; i?ni ^®<« # ff sr ^ ft fq*nft ft qr ■g^rf Tf?I ftfir I ^TsRTJrl^f f ^ TOT^ffwit w- ^Tf^r^>t 'n^arrrt ff^m i f q<fff qufafqftq^ ^TtTI%?T I II cfrwfli I ff^nfiT ff ^T^T'T fte, ^q*T flp3R ^TT, -^TT, WZ tT^T ft ^HfT f ^T^T *ttfaqi ^RT qff ^TfTT» ffaff ffff ^iTirq^ *rftw ^rr^T ^Tfaqi fair, wt ^ J % arenr q^q faff ft ^Tfaqrqrc ^wt I ^°* l qffif ffSTlfa TM ^Tfa TW% W?TTJT ’qrsrfa; fta f\ f faq qfeq ffa T’t fffaqqi WT ?2TFT5R^il qi^f Tp I 1 ft WTfaq? ft^iT 3jq?T^T «TT ffa ff«5>T qiiqf'f 5R^^ q%ff *P ft W* ft wrq, ^ffa ^t qqnqrc qn^nqq ^q, q* f fffaqq?T ^rfaq? qjfqq ^tin qfqq't =fk fq^Tifa qreqrim f\ ^ft ^sr qif^ft *rqifaq< qff I ^ « I Translation. 208. # That padmardga which is like a vimbci ,* weighs six, eight or ten folds — this is the maximum of weight. If any man by good luck happens to obtain a heavier padmardga, he will succeed in whatever he undertakes. 209. Some vicious rubies areas beautiful as good ones; but the authorities advise us to shun them carefully. 210. That pdmaraga which is lack-lustre, or which loses its former brightness on being rubbed by cloth, and which betrays a dark shade on its sides on being held between two fingers, is a false and vicious gem, and should never be worn even when it is selling for a song. ^TpF I fk' ( ipn, ^ «rtT> v s C^t«Tl ^1 I WftTO ^1 TON *TO1 ks k, CTO ^FTtaTsf WMJ TO kTO I I fwt1% Wfa TOks ^?Tl \5JN OR I I o\ ton kTO k, kk TOkkk k^r kk*r *tfwN to, qfa«i kk*r kTO TOt' kf%k ^ kb o\t TON f fe, fwtfk kk kstf kro k i * The bright-red gourd of a plant (Momardica Monadelpha). fifrrflraT i rs. — f TfTfT trfcfff f I ffTrRf^rgf f fsf%gTftT fT^TT II *(\% II ¥^S^^^fTfT^ffTfTW f fa | f ^ffTfrPf if f Tf RT fffTcTf: II ^ II fffa*? fWT fa^TTffa Sifff rT| «T cfi^T ^UTT^^fNRft: II ^ II f^rTTf^i f^w^i TT^frf?r i ?n*pr ^ <n*T ff fa% fawW n ^ 8 II VtTTOTT^ qrcvq%)ft ’ffT 5IT flfafifT f If »TT^^T ft flifal, frafT fTTf f TTTfw- ff TRT<it ^nfw^i^iT fTf ^TT^f’R' 'ft flipTT, s \S 7 ^rafj^TC fifm i^\i ft f Tf*R ffafjir l?kft f f f T ft fftfff fffa*? fffa ftr% Tf Riff fTcRT Ter flftr- f ft f T f ff f f T I ^ ^ I w Tffr i ft<TT> fTff fa^Rfft fTft ffa fJTff f flff ffff fff ffT Ttf flfT^tf f TT 1?ST flfw- f f T ft ff ftm f", fft ff f f ffRf f fff^- ftft ftfa f 4 I I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 225 Translation. 211. Should other tests fail in dispelling doubt, the reality or otherwise of a padmardga will he indu- bitably ascertained by rubbing it upon a whetstone or with a padmardga of tested genuineness. A false padmaraga will receive scratches from the process. 212. That padmardga which shines out the more, the more it is rubbed, and which is moreover not light, is a pure gem; the others are impure. 213. Excepting kuravinda and diamond, no gem can make scratches upon either the padmardga or the indranila. 214. A genuine Jcuruvinda is worth as much as a padmaraga furnished with every quality. l i i ct ^ c*fM *rto, srl ^ (7 rt dj<p x 1%^ (7Ft*( iff 'S *Tl I I *P&9*R , *t*r ^TJ ^<1, <^[<lt*+rf'S (Tit *ffiRft*l ^fTJ ^?n I 08 I flfjffJTRIT I C\ "* f ^ TT^tfrm I TO* *TOgTO*Hr ^nt ^uf^% II I! torto qaqqqr ^ ^RR: I * W **TOJTTO Ttera ^TOf* II R qlfRiqq^ f? *ftn:w* thtto I TOTRta^fir **g> *R^ra irtRrir n ^\ 9 qfeit 51 R to* frfro *t 1 toRi tot* *f%R<g* 11 h cT^THI qq?*q 9r?r5r to ^tr, qRfRqiqiT TO ^5$ TO ^H«TI TO ^RT, ^f* f^R^T TO TOT fTOT TO, *t T?RfiqTOT TO qR ’tot 'rtRT 1 ^\y[ I qrTOTOTfWTOT ^ft TO ifRTT, *TT%q<qiT ^5 to qn*T to RmT l I qq fqfeT totto* wz qfR w€ to^t ' rfqT %, RtT TRrRfi totR qsR^ 1 TOqiT TO*ft to ft tot 1 1 W'Q 1 qSTTR Rif% TW^Rt TORjqiT qq^T 'sR, fft qqT ttt^t tto Rtot qif%q:> rrt wzt tw to *£t to *Tl A TREATISE ON GEMS. 227 Translation. 215. A saugandliika is worth three-fourth the price of a kuruvinda. j 216. A siidra pndmardga is, according to the > authorities, worth three-fourth the price of a j Yaisya padmardga. j 217. All gems derive their value from their lustre and their color; accordingly, gems which are found wanting in these two essentials are of small \ worth. 218. When doubts arise as to the reality of a ! crem. the infallible test is to rub it with another ! gem of tested worth. A false gem will be reduced to fragments under the process. j iffj Yf<mi i w i 1 <r§ ^ ermr ^fire yw i ^8 1 Yfw c^lw r _W& '©E 5 T ffsrc«ttft 7> 4 f w* I 'sr^W I 228 sfawrai J JT^TJTI C\ t?fr^x?r *r% I 6 fa’rPni&r *W?T II ^i.\\ e TC5WTI ^e^^TOTSrl T^cfi *TTl%S5 ^5ST5T$ r?^*T ^ra^sr^rr ^ *rnr tjttt ^t ^ <3«5t ^ff «R ^TTH TtHT I I WS. | sfa irtoji^t g^TR i A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 219. The treasuring up of a paclmardga fur- nished with every perfection is as meritorious as the celebration of the Aswamedha* jajna, and leads to wealth, success and long life. ^ SftfWT vst^l'C'fi *r, 's wn i * The Horse Sacrifice a celebrated ceremony, the antiquity of which reaches back to the Vedic period. Vide hymns 162 and 163 in the first Mandala of the Rig Veda. In later times its efficacy was to entitle the sacrificer to displace Indra from the domi- nion of Swarga. In it, the horse was generally, if not always, immo- lated. P§HE Ruby is perhaps the hardest substance known, next, of course, to the Diamond. It is a variety of the Corundum, which name (de- rived from the Sanskrit Jcorund,) is used to denote the class of aluminous stones generally ; and particu- larly a species or subdivision of that class. Besides the crystalline form (which is generally rough and deformed), the Corundum appears in compact masses and in aggregates of grains of different sizes. All the different varieties of the Corundum derive their names from their colour. Thus, the crimson red Corundum is called the Oriental Ruby ; the colourless, white Sapphire ; the azure- blue, Oriental Sapphire ; the indigo blue, indigo Sapphire ; the violet, Oriental Amethyst ; the yellow, Oriental Topaz &c. &c. &c. Count Bournon was the first European who had classified the Corundums into different heads ( in 1802.) But the Eastern nations have however adopted the different designa- tions for several centuries past. The first and most important variety of the Corundum is the Ruby — the coarsest being the Emery, which is used for polishing metals, gems, marble, &c. It is some- A TREATISE ON GEMS. 231 times more valuable than the Diamond, when it is of a large size, good colour and free from defects. Its specific gravity is from S' 9 to 4*1. The electricity which it obtains by friction continues for a consi- derable time. This stone is composed of alumina and coloured by traces of metallic oxides, chrome, &c. Like the other varieties of the Corundum, it is infusible by itself, but together with a flux, melts with difficulty into clear glass. It is posses- sed of double refraction, though not to a very high degree. The system of crystallization to which it belongs is rhombohedral. Its cleavage is basal, that is, it breaks across the prisms with nearly a flat surface. Its lustre is vitreous. It loses no- thing of its beauty when viewed by artificial light. Its colour varies from the lightest rose-tint to the deepest carmine. The two extreme colours are not liked at all. The most esteemed colour is, what is called by the jewellers, the “ pigeon’s blood,” which is a pure deep rich red, without the faintest tinge of blue or yellow. The other colours are light-red, white, crimson, peach-blossom, violet, &c. The Ruby is divided into four classes. 1st . — The Oriental Ruby, called by Pliny the Indian Carbuncle, is the best favorite and most valuable of all. Its chemical properties have been described under the general heading. Theophrastus speaks of it as being incombustible and having the appearance of a burning coal when held up to the sun. Hence the name •' Anthrax” (or “ live coal,”) 232 THE RUBY. given to it by tbe Greeks. The ancient writers, both of tbe East and West, have described it as having the power of shining in the absence of all light. The fact is, that the Ruby can be rendered phosphorescent by exposing it to sunshine for some- time or by putting it in a close crucible, heated to a certain degree. 2nd . — The Spinel Euby is of a fine lively red hue, with a cinnam on tint about it, but is very infe- rior to the true Euby in brilliance. It is found in granular lime-stones ; is transparent and translucent and receives its red tint from chromic acid. It belongs to the cubic system of crystallization and is almost found in octrahedral crystals. It does not acquire electricity either by friction or heat ; is possessed of simple refraction and is infusible before the blow-pipe. It is distinguished from the Euby by its peculiar formation and inferior hard- ness. Its specific gravity is from 3 - 5 to 3'8. It is called by the natives of India the Lai Rumani or the Pomegranate Euby. 3rd . — The Balas Euby is of a pale rose-colour and is of the same composition as the Spinel. According to the Persian tradition, the mines of these stones were not discovered until after an earthquake which rent the mountain in two. Their inferior hardness prevented people from taking them as the real Eubies. The ancient Greeks connect the origin of the name “ Balas” Ruby with the word “ Palatius,” as they supposed it to be the matrix or palace in which the true Ruby was found. Probably, i the-name is derived from the mountain “ Ballaheia” in India, which, according to Marco Polo, used to supply this stone. The old French name “ Rubin de Balais” adds weight to this assertion. The name Balas may have originated from the word “Bal- len” or king — the Phrygian name for a certain fiery stone. Chardin attributes the origin of the name to “ Balacliani,” the stone of “ Balachan” (Pegu) — the Persian name for the Ruby. Some say that j the original of the term “Balas” Ruby is the ancient name of Beloochistan, Badakschan or Balasclian. Uh . — The Rubicelle is an inferior variety of the Spinel and is of a yellowish red color. The Rubies are often found in company with j Sapphire, Zircon, oxide of tin, magnetic iron, Topaz, &c. Where Rubies and Sapphires are met with, gold is almost certain to be present. Where found. The finest Oriental Rubies come from Burmah, Siam, India and Ceylon. Rubies are also found in Hohenstein on the Elbe, in the rivers Rhine and Danube; Espailly in Auvergne and Iser ; in Bohemia; France, Brazil, Australia, Borneo, Sumatra, &c. The most beautiful of these stones are those that come from Burmah. The mines are very strictly guarded and rendered difficult of access to the Europeans. They are a royal monopoly, extreme care being taken to prevent the stones getting 234 THE RUBY. J& out of the country. The excessive fondness of the King for these stones has earned him the title, “ Lord of the Rubies.” Whenever any particularly large stone is found, a procession is sent with great eclat to meet it. When Pegu, the “ father-land of Rubies, ” was annexed to the British Crown in 1852, it was thought that the English Government would be richer by its ac- quisition. But whether on account of the dangers in the shape of wild beasts that surround the Ruby- yielding countries, or some other cause, the Government has been sadly disappointed. The inhabitants of Buvmah believe that Rubies ripen in the earth, that they are at first crude and color- less, and that, as they ripen, they become yellow, green, blue and last of all, red — which is the sure sign of perfect ripening. The Burmese law prohibits the sale of Rubies in the market and makes it com- pulsory on the discoverer of stones of a certain weight (100 ticals) to make them over to the Government, under pain of death. To avoid this dangerous law, the finder often breaks up the large stones into small pieces ; thus causing more loss to the Govern- ment than he gains. The Rubies that come out of Burmah must be either stolen ones or passed out through the agency of private individuals. The Rubies that come from Ceylon are generally found in the beds of rivers. Some pretty-looking Rubies have been found for many years in Badakshan, a part of Tartary. A TREATISE ON GEMS. 235 Some were also found on the slopes of the Oxus, near to Shushan and Charan. The natives of these places are under the impression that Rubies always occur in pairs. If they chance to find out one, they are sure to conceal it until the other is found, failing which, they will break it in two. Many Eubies have been found in the gold wash- ings in Australia, but most of them are taken no notice of, being considered as Garnets. Some, however, of very good quality have found their way into the London market. The Spinel Eubies are found in rolled pebbles in alluvial deposits and the beds of rivers in Ceylon, Ava, Mysore, Belucliistan, and other Eastern countries ; in Meronity in Bohemia and in Liben- burgen ; in the region between Amity and Andover in North America ; also in the Ovens Eiver in Victoria and in the Pearl Rivers of New South Wales and other parts of Australia. Blue Spinels are found at Aker in Sweden ; also in Porland and Straskan in Moravia ; in Antwerp and Ceylon. These are translucent and generally contain three to four per cent, of iron. The Chloro- Spinels or green Spinels are found in the Ural Mountains. Black Spinels or Ceylonites, (also called Pleonaste by Hally,) have been found in Ceylon, Bohemia, in the Eiver Iser, in the Tyrol, at Andernach on the Rhine, in Russia and in several places in the United States, where also the brown Spinels are found in abundance. The specific gravity of the Pleonaste is from 3.5 to 3.8. The principal thing in its com- position is aluminum and about 10 per cent, of protoxide of iron. It is infusible before the blow- pipe and with borax forms into an iron-colored glass. The automalite or zinc Spinel is found in \ Sweden. The white Spinel is found at La Riccia near Rome. Some also come from Brazil mixed with Diamonds. The Balas Ruby has been described by Marco Polo as being chiefly found in the Balascea or Ballahia (on the upper Oxus,) where they were found below the surface soil, and from which place, he had, in the latter half of the 13th century, made a collecti on. | Mode of Cutting. j The Ruby is cut by means of Diamond powder j on an iron wheel or skaif, and polished on a copper one with tripolis and water. In the East, Corun- dum is used for cutting, but the work is not flat i and sharp. The usual form of cutting is the mixed j or half-brilliant, although silky and imperfect stones are often cut en cabochon — a cut by which the stone receives one or two convex faces, with or without facets at the base. The Asteriated \ Rubies, that is, those that have a six-pointed star | across the crystal, formed by a silky imperfection j | in the gem, are also cut en cabochon and particular [ care is taken to get the centre of the star as nearly A TREATISE ON GEMS. 237 as possible in the middle of tlie gem. Such stones, if possessed of good colour, fetch very high price in the market. The Spinel is cut on an iron wheel, with Emery or Diamond powder and polished on a copper one. The form is generally the mixed-cut. The colour of this stone becomes deeper by being heated. The Ruby , as known to the Ancients. The Ruby is spoken of in the book of Job and in the Proverbs, in the Bible. The breast-plate of the High Priest, which was composed of twelve stones, included the Ruby, then known as the Carbuncle. The fact of its having been well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans ad- mits of no question whatever. The Anthrax of Theophrastus and the Indian Carbuncle of Pliny are, beyond doubt, Rubies According to Pliny, the Ethiopians used to increase the lustre of Ru- bies by steeping them in vinegar for 14 days. Though this process added to their splendour for the same number of months, they were after- wards rendered softer and more brittle. ^Elian, an ancient natural-historian, relates how a certain widow named Heraclea, had tended a young stork and cured one of its fractured legs and how the bird, in token of its gratitude for her kindness, presented her with a Lychnis (Buby). But the question as to why of all others the Lychnis was selected for the present, is best answered by the assertion of Philostratus, according to whom, storks were in the hahit of placing these stones in their nests as amulets against serpents, and there- fore as a fitting reward for the valuable services rendered by Heraclea, such a useful thing was presented to her. In an account of the statue of the Syrian Goddess (Astarte), Lucian speaks of her, as wearing on her head a gem called Lychnis (lamp-stone,) which used to light up the temple throughout the night. Epiphanius, speaking of Carbuncle, says, “ when worn, it is impossible to conceal it, for notwithstanding whatsoever clothes it may be covered over with, its lustre shows itself outside its envelope, whence it is called Carbuncle.” The Oriental nations speak of Rubies and other precious stones as illuminating the place in which they were kept.* In China, Rubies have been used from the earlist times for ornamenting the slippers of women, and in India, for being set into cups, vases, sword-liandles or pipe-mounts and other ornamental things. Engravings. Ancient intaglios and cameos, t engraved on this stone, are still in existence, some of which are said * There is a belief existing in India that JRubies grow in the head of serpents and that they can be obtained by throwing a lump of cow- dung over them, when the serpents occasionally take them out of their heads to illumine the place where they search for food, and in order that flies and insects might gather round them, attracted by the light. It is popularly believed that these stones are so valuable, owing to their rarity, as, to be called “ the wealth of seven kings.” f Intaglios have the desigu sunk below the surface $ in cameos, the subjects are in relief, or raised above the surface. Both these kinds of engraving can be executed on almost all sorts of stones. A TREATISE ON GEMS 239 to have heen done, 500 years B. C., — a period when the Greeks had attained the acme of artistic excel- lence. A large oval slightly convex stone, of the real pigeon’s-blood colour, in the Devonshire parure, has a “ Yenus Victrix” engraved upon it. There also exists a full-length figure of Osiris in half-relief. Then there are a gorgon’s head and a head of Pertinax, engraved on Spinels ; and the head of a Bacchanite, upon a Balas. The earliest example of an engraving executed in the Middle Ages, has been discovered in the Spinel of the Marlborough cabinet. It is a beautiful stone, f of an inch square, upon which is engraved a head in front face, wearing a crown, resembling very much that of Henry VI, as found upon his great seal. The Italians have left many engravings on the Ruby, amongst which may be mentioned an intaglio, of a head of Thetis, capped with a crab’s shell, at present in the possession of the Rothschilds ; and a cameo of a head of Serapis in front face, found in the Hope cabinet of precious stones. Amongst the collection of cameos of our Most Gracious Majes- ty, is one having the head of Louis XII, engraved upon a fine stone of considerable size, — a specimen of the art after the Revival. Dominico dei Camei engraved upon a Balas of the size of a shilling, the intaglio portrait of Ludovico il Moro. The Orleans cabinet had a Ruby engraved with an intag- lio head of Henry IY, with the date 1598. Char- din who, in 1666, examined a Ruby, amongst the f* 240 Crown jewels of Persia, describe it as being as big as a hen’s egg cut in half. The upper part of this stone bore the name “ Chaic Sophy,” cut upon it by its former master who had considerably marred its beauty by so doing. Pistrucci executed a beau- tiful front face of Diana on a Euby, about \ inch long. The Trice of the Tuby ; its Flaws and Defects ; Mode of Testing. The jealous care with which the best Oriental Eubies are kept by the King of Burmah, renders them difficult of access to the public and makes them sometimes more valuable than the Diamonds. The ancients put a very high price upon the Eubies. In the present day, fine Eubies under \ a carat, if English cut, cost from £ 4 to £ 10 ; if Indian cut, from £ 1 to £ 4. A Euby of one carat is worth from £ 1 4 to £ 20 Ditto ditto ditto „ 25 to „ 35 Ditto 2 ditto ditto „ 70 to „ 80 Ditto 3 ditto ditto „ 200 to „ 250 Ditto 4 ditto ditto „ 400 to „ 450 Stones of greater weight than 4 carats, being rari- ties, fetch fancy price. Eubies with flaws and specks, or having any silky or milky appearance, either on the table or beneath it or which are too deep or too pale in colour, are now much depreciated in value. A pale Euby of 4 carats might be worth less than £ 12. It is true A TREATISE ON GEMS 241 that there are many Rubies in the market but these are of inferior quality and cannot command the same value as the true Oriental Rubies that come from Burmah and Siam. The value of the Spinel and Balas Rubies varies chiefly according to the demand, character and cut of the stones, and sometimes, to caprice and fashion. At the present time the value of small Spinels ranges from 5 to £10 per carat. Medium size of fair color, 20 to £ 40 per carat As an instance of the uncertainty of the value of the Spinels, a stone weighing 40 carats, clear and of good quality, was sold in 1856 for £400 ; in 1862, it fetched £80 by public auction, and was lately sold for £240. So is the case with Balas Rubies ; for example, a dark rose-red Balas of 10 millimetres, square-cut and polished as a brilliant will fetch 300 francs ; while a pale rose of like character and size will sell for 20 francs only. A specimen of 5 carats will occasionally realize £50. At the sale of the Mar- quis of Dree, a Ruby of 10 grains sold for £56. In order that the pivots of watches may turn with greater precision, they are set in small Rubies perforated for the purpose ; but these small jewels, about the size of millet grains, though very useful, are not of much value, owing to their abundance. To test a perfect Ruby, it has to be placed on the same sheet of paper on which the fresh blood of a Large 60 „ £100 E E 242 THE RUBY. pigeon lias been dropped. The perfection of the stone can then be ascertained if it exactly agrees with the blood in color. The Spinels or Balas Rubies have often been passed off as true Rubies : but with any one acquainted with the physical and chemical properties of these stones, the deception would not succeed. The hardness and specific gra- vity of the true Ruby is much greater than those of the others. An unset stone can easily be tested by taking its specific gravity; a set one would, if a true Ruby, be scratched by Diamond only but would scratch all other stones ; if a Balas or Spinel, it would be scratched by a Sapphire. Then the refraction would point out the nature of the stone. In the case of the true Ruby, it would be double (though in a small degree,) but in that of the Spinel or Balas, it would be absolutely simple. The Brazilian pink Topaz is often made to imitate the Ruby by placing it in a crucible with sand and heated till it gets the requisite color. But it differs essentially from the real Ruby in its character. Its specific gravity is from 3 - 4 to 3 - 6, whereas that of the Ruby is from 3 9 to 4*1. It is 8 in the scale of hardness, while the Ruby is 9, i. e.. < next to Diamond, which has the full standard The Garnet is sometimes made to pass for the true Ruby. The Garnet, however, pure and bril- | liant, will appear black and opaque, if held so as \ to reflect the light directly ; while the Ruby would \ 1 number 10 213 retain its transparency and true color. Some- times Garnets backed up by Ruby foils have been mistaken for Eubies. The Parisian traders have recently hit upon a plan by which they can, with- out the use of foils, give to pale valueless Eubies the best color they should have. They fill up the inside of the setting with Ruby-enamel, which gives a deep tinge to the entire stone enclosed within. The Rubies are also imitated in paste, which can only be detected by touching them with the emery-stone (cote). The artificial gems will appear softer and brittle, inferior in weight and, in some cases, showing silvery air bubbles in the in- terior. The Rubies are sometimes infected with white spots but these are removed by burning.* ** The Spinel is also mistaken occasionally for the Garnet and more frequently for the Jacinth owing to similarity of color. But both these stones are of inferior hardness : while the Spinel would scratch quartz readily, these would, but slightly. Then, the Jacinth has double refractive power in a very high degree, whereas the Spinel has simple re- fraction. The Marvellous and Medicinal Towers attributed to the TLuby. Each precious stone was supposed to have been gifted with special powers. The pharmacopma of * The Indian jewellers, however, in spite of great care and labor, have not yet succeeded in entirely removing these spots from the stones. 244 THE RUBY. the ancients had, among its most potent remedies, a very costly compound called the “ Five Precious Fragments” which consisted of powdered Rubies, Topazes, Emeralds, Sapphires, and Hyacinths. But as the patients were not likely, nor were they competent, to analyze the chemical properties of the mixture, it generally happened that the physicians used to pocket the real gems, by substituting false ones in their place. The Oriental Ruby, or the Carbuncle of the ancients, whether used externally or internally, was an antidote to poison and plague ; it drove away sadness, evil thoughts, wicked spirits, night-mares and diverted the mind from sensuality. It was also used as an amulet against all illness. It would warn the wearer of the approach of any misfortune, by a change of color to blackness and would not resume its original brightness until the peril had passed away. To confirm the above, we can not resist the temptation of reproducing here the following apparently authentic story related by Wolfgang Gabelchover, a German philosopher, as quoted by Tollius : “ It is worthy of notice that the true Oriental Ruby presages to the wearer by the frequent change and darkening of its color that seme inevitable loss or misfortune is not far off : and in proportion to the greatness of the com- ing evil, so doth it assume a greater or less degree of darkness and opacity — a thing which I have heard repeatedly from people of the highest eminence and have, alas ! experienced in my own person. A TREATISE ON GEMS. 245 For, on December 5th, 1600, as I was travelling from Stutgard to Cal-wam in company with my beloved wife Catherine Adelmann, of pious me- mory, I observed most distinctly during the journey that a very fine Ruby, her gift, which I wore set in a ring upon my finger, had lost, once or twice, almost all its splendid color and had put on dull- ness in place of brilliancy and darkness in place of light : the which blackness and opacity lasted not for one or two days only, but several : so that being beyond measure disgusted thereat, I took the ring off my finger and locked it up in my trunk. Whereupon I repeatedly warned my wife that some grievous mishap was impending over either her or myself, as I foreboded from the change of color in my Ruby. Nor was I wrong in my anticipation, inasmuch as within a few days she was taken with a fatal sickness that never left her till her death. And truly after her decease, its former brilliant color again returned spontaneously to my Ituby.” Celebrated Rubies. Tavenieb speaks of a Ruby seen in the possession of the King of Yisapore, India, weighing 50 carats and of very fine quality. The best Oriental Ru- bies, as we have said before, are rare in the market, being monopolized by the King of Burmah, who is reported to be the owner of a Ruby, of an extraor- dinary quality and of the size of a pigeon’s egg. 246 THE RUBY. But no Europeans have hitherto been allowed to have a look at it. The king of Ada has a perfect Ruby of the size of a small hen’s egg, which he uses as an ear-drop. One of the largest Rubies in the Crown jewels of Erance, adorns the Order of the Golden Eleece and is cut into the form of a dragon with extended wings. There was a remark- able Oriental Ruby of the size of a pigeon’s egg, in the Crown of the Empress Catherine of Russia, known to have been presented to her by Gustavus III of Sweden, when on a visit to St. Petersburg, in 1777. There was one in Paris, seen by Far- tiere, which weighed 406^ carats. There are se- veral Rubies of good size and quality among the Crown jewels of Austria. It is related by Gesner that Catherine of Arragon used to wear a ring set with a stone which became luminous at night and which was therefore conjectured to be a Ruby. Two remarkable genuine Rubies were sent to England from Burmah in 1875. The sale of these two stones caused great excitement at Burmah and the fact of two stones of such extraordinary quality ap- pearing simultaneously created not a little sensa- tion iu England. One was a dark-colored stone, cushion-shaped and weighing 37 carats, and the other, a blunt drop shape of 47-A carats. Both were put in the hands of Mr. James N. Eorster of London for recutting. The former was reduced to ?, 2 A and the latter to 39 A carats. Both of these have found purchasers in the Continent, the smaller A TREATISE ON GEMS 217 fetching over a lac of Rupees. The largest Ruby seen in India by Garcias did not exceed 24 carats ; it was bought by a prince in the Deccan for 1561b. weight of gold. Rudolf II possessed a Ruby as big as a small hen’s egg, bequeathed to him by his sister, the Queen Dowager of Erance ; it was about 100 carats in weight and was reported to have been originally valued at 66,000 ducats. But modern mineralogists have pronounced this to be a Spinel. In the front of the Crown of our Most Gracious Majesty is the famous Ruby (now pronounced to be a Spinel) said to have been given to Edward the Black Prince by Don Pedro (King of Castile,) after the battle of Najera (near Vittoria,) in 1367. It was afterwards worn upon his helmet by Henry V, at the battle of Agincourt, 1415. It is an irregular oval, pierced through the middle, according to the usual oriental fashion ; the upper part of the perforation being concealed by a small Ruby. Two large Spinels taken from India in 1861 were shown in the Exhibition of 1862. The one that was exhibited by Messrs. Hunt and Roskell, was a cabochon-cut, octagon-shaped stone, of perfect color and free from flaws. It originally weighed 197 carats and after being cut by Mr. Eorster, 81 carats. The other Spinel was also of the same shape and color, originally weighing 1021 carats, and after being recut, 72^ carats. One Spinel collected by Dr. Heron, is said to be 49lb ; being in 3 pieces j W™ THE RUBY. and containing cavities filled up by crystals of Corundum. In the list of the French Crown jewels taken in 1791, we find, amongst others, one Spinel Ruby of 56f carats, worth 50,000 francs. A specimen of a blue Spinel, a thick oblong stone, was in the possession of Messrs. Pittar Leverson & Co. It was an Indian-cut stone, weighing 37f carats and after being recut (by Mr. Forster,) 25 carats. It was originally sent from India as a Sapphire and having been afterwards found out to be a Spinel, the purchaser returned it to the mer- chant, who at once wrote to the consigner in India. The statement not being believed, the merchant had it cut and upon its identity as a Spinel being established, sold it for a much higher sum than it had fetched as a Sapphire. Tavernier tells us that he counted on the Great Mogul’s throne, 180 large Rubies varying in weight from 100 to 200 carats and one single gem that weighed 2^ ounces. These were, however, Balas Rubies. In the cata- logue of the French Crown Jewels, of 1791, mention is made of two Balas Rubies, one of which, weigh- ing 20| carats, was valued at 10,000 francs and the other, weighing 12f, at 3,000 francs. Charles the Duke of Burgundy, had lost several valuable stones at Granson. Among these were 3 Rubies called the “ three brothers ” and two called “ La Hotte et la Balle de Flandres.” James I, in sending some jewels to his son, mentions the “ three brethren.” The similarity of the name leads many to identify these as the Rubies once belonging to the Duke. Sir James Melville, in his Historic Memoirs, says that Queen Elizabeth showed him “ a fair ruby, great, like a racket ball.” Runjeet Sing is said to have owned a large Ruby weighing 14 tollahs, with the names of Aurungzebe, Ahmed Shah and several other kings engraved upon it. Robert de j Berquem mentions that when Josephus Barbaro had (in 1472) an audience with Yussum Cassam, the king of Persia, (at whose Court he was an ambassador* for the Venetian Republic,) he was ; shown a hand-kerchief, filled with the most valu- able of precious stones. Amongst these was a table cut Balas Ruby, of, at least, a finger’s breadth, of the most beautiful colour and weighing 2^ ounces. De Berquem also speaks of 3 great Rubies, be- longing to a Parisian of great rank. The one had once been set in a gold crown covered with gems, with which Pope Stephen V, (who came to France in 817) crowned the King of France, Louis le De- bonnaire, as Emperor. This Ruby was in the shape of a Lozenge and weighed 129| carats. The other was egg-shaped and weighed 244f carats. It was given to Charles, Duke of Anjou, by the Neapolitans, in 1264. The third, weighing 209 \ carats, had belonged to Anne, Duchess of Brittany who married Charles VIII in 1491. How these monster stones came into the hands of the Pari- sian nobleman and what became of them subse- quently are not known to us. It is said that when Peter the Great left England, he presented the King with a “ rough Ruby, which the greatest Jewellers of Amsterdam (as well Jews as Christians) valued at £2,000 sterling.” Some very good Rubies are to be found in India. A fine Oriental Ruby was recently bought of a Burmese merchant (at 22,000 Rupees), by Sir Salar Jung, on one occasion of his visit to Calcutta. The estate of the Paikpara Raj family (in the suburbs of Calcutta) has in its possession a large Ruby, set in a ring, and free from flaws. Another Ruby of a good size, also set in a ring is to be seen with Rai Luchmeeput Sing Bahadoor of Azimgunj. Babu Hurruck Chand of Moorsheda- bad has with him a Ruby of the true “ pigeon’s blood” color. A large Ruby is to be seen in the estate of the Hon’ble Maharajah Joteendro Mohun Tagore Bahadoor, set in a ring and having some Chinese letters, forming the name of God engraved on its back. There is also one large Ruby of the size of a pigeon’s egg lengthwise cut in half, set in one of his watch-chains. It weighed about 500 Ratis in its rough state, and has, upon being cut, been reduced to about 300 Ratis. There is also one beautiful Ruby of about 93 Ratis, set in another watch chain of the Maharajah’s. 252 nfirorar i ar^rjpr i <K far. I $ ^ t^CTvft *rt<r n B *rfw^ n i? fw ^ f%<ft I farff I * W 5TT?r fT^T* TWfafg^T^fT* n 8 ^T*Twgirfa*Tf%?ft v ^ ?r JTWT vfmmwtef%‘ Q ^ B j f%f% faf% f%*iw ^njfagT *rreT wTfJT t l **• I q^TT^I ^T%TTrW fr* ?TCT«T W ^t^TTT tTTT t, Wt W VOT <T TtrlT | t » W 1^ w> ^k ^ t%^f W ^T*T § 1 I TeRTT^t ^f^fT^ft^i Sfi 5 ?^ I, % f%fT^ f«Ef%^T «ff VW *k«B *T$ ^k *fT^ q=?r^ ^f\ ttst* 1 1 ^k kr^r xw «r?TT?T t, T? ^I^T *TfV I I tTOTHTI A TREATISE ON GEMS. 253 THE CAT’S-EYE, Translation. 220. Cat’s-eye quarries are found at tlie top, or the mid region of certain mountains, as well as in their vicinity. 221 — 222. All those colors that shine in the padmardga and other gems of a like nature, are also seen in the Cat’s-eye. Besides these, we find white, smoke- colored and gray cat’s-eyes. 223. Of Cat’s-eyes, those which in color resemble the peacock’s neck or the bamboo leaf are first- class, while those resembling the wing of the nila - kantha * bird are of small worth. hp^rii i (71 ffc ^3, <?$ wwa ci M ^ wrl w efoK %r- ^«TT, v5t^t?1 <2M^ ^ I * A species of galliuule or water-hen. (?) t^sr* *tr ^rf^rTT: o ^8 n fam 5 ?^ *reffir: fturang srrs^n I ^w> ^TT^Hr ^ f% tt^r: o II x&i‘ ^RR^feRT \> ^TRarf^^rfaipfr^f^roT ^ 4 firer | *tutV ^ynfa fa*RT f%**r*3 ftftfqrf *sr^w ri^tw « B JTC5WTI ffTHfR^T 3RJTW, x?frf, ^ffr ^ ffR ^TTTl 'Ttfi t, «R*% ^TR ^I<T 1 1 ■qTt ^ r ^rra ^f^RT *pft- ^q^TTtflT ¥ I ^8 1 Wt^T W *TC[fsRT cfll&W WT* %, wt^r ^TsforRST T^ 3Tl£f«RT wf?[ «TTfT t» ^?T ^r<RRRf^R*jr ^fa^TT t*it f ^\x sft^Rl qr^f^T ^ ^Tft ’f I | *TTWfiT *RT i*y{h *fR3iT *RT) falfNt T# f?f«r qram wr^TT wrft sft »fTTt, ^V q^?r fw> ^r*t, ffa ’ft) ft%?r *rta ^**rt ^ffh TJWipI qi’ft ^ i ^ I j A TREATISE ON GEMS. 255 Translation. 224. The earth produces all the four castes of Cat’s-eye redolent of lucky signs. 225. A white Cat’s-eye furnished with a blue gleam (say the authorities), is a Brahmin, a white Cat’s-eye with a gleam of red, is a Khetriya, a yellow Cat’s eye with a blue lustre, is aVaisya, and a purely blue Cat’s-eye is a Sudra. 226. Cat’s-eyes possess a shade like the color of a fresh bamboo leaf, peacock’s neck, or a cat’s eye. Those Cat’s-eyes that are heavy, deliciously cool, flawless, smooth and otherwise faultless, the autho- rities consider to be very lucky. ^rpf I hr® ^ ^ I ^8 i f%=T w srfa ft?l ^ ct wzvs W i ^ i i 256 I W ^T3RT W f^^TwfiT I *§* ^ ^TfSR’SR II II \S 3*S r ^r l wt*nrf?w f% I f^r^S^f 32TW tCT* ^ n II ^r<Tnc ^ | *RT*5TRT ^ ^rfi^urx: U ^<c || fKfr* ^*RT*:fafrT TTSffr I TRRcTT^* ^ ^T<T II fl 3JOWT I f%^%t f^R *TC[fiR^ ^T^rTI *trts; ^tfa ^tr* ^ ^tj^rt w ^ I I ^ i w ^\t. *rr, ?Rf%^r, faww ^ 3pr ^f*Rr ^ i *rlix> ^«T) 3if%^ 3Tf> f^f%TO ^RR^T TO*l7TOWRr T l^£ I f%*T ^TRT fa\^, ^cTT^ ^ir T \ *fr wtzr, #f%?r vuj!t, sr 3T?^ ^ I I A TREATISE ON GEMS 257 Translation 227. That Cat’s-eye which on being rubbed over the touch-stone attains additional lustre and smoothness, is sterling and excellent. Qualities of the Cat’s-eye. 228. That kalila or byanga Cat’s-eye which is like a veritable cat’s-eye, or a garlic, and which is perfectly smooth, is a gem worthy of the acceptance of the gods themselves. 229. Sutdra, ghana, atyachchha, kalila and byanga are the five best kinds of the Cat’s-eye. 230. The Cat’s-eye which sparkles beautifully, is called sutdra ; that which combines small bulk with heaviness, is called gliana. m 1 | Tl Wfto TO '« j ^ hmi I ^ | I 'N 1 1 ^ 1 I > (71 hpi ^5 fl% Wt< TTt^fC^ ^51? j to, *rf^i efsrfci fro v qto w, srtw 1 1 i 1 GG 258 nftrjRraT I *1^1 C\ ^sVfiTrr I ^ ?2?fw li ^k% n ®\ ^trt ?ffw‘ TOTOfwvrirf l faf%^rrJrr II ^ li §f vSftm i siIr T ^Tw: | ^ ^ *rerCm: n b W TOTlfaw ^KrffT^TffT ^ ww t I WT WK* arw <f^?f ^ T ?^tW II ^8 0 cRSTUT I ^W y>\ «T3T ^*^«fi”TT% Tr^X ^S^r ^wtt t:, ^f%^r ^rsr - =\ ^ s^ V> fa^T WrPST *fiRW ¥ I ^ ^ I Rf^r ^nrm^T ^tw W ^T7T *rrer*r 3TF f I I ^5sr I WC, WIT, ^TTf, qs^f ^ ^f^TW ^TVTTTj sir if\ sfi^W #\ Wt sirfsxTx «nr3t*} ^t^t sr<tt t, §fgsjx W T ^S'ft V I ^8 | 231. That Cat’s-eye which is free from such de- fects as kalanJca etc., is called atyachcliha ; that which shows a lustre resembling the Brahminical thread and aye twinkling like the moonbeam, goes by the name of Jcalilci. This is the veritable cornucopia. 232. That which manifests a variety of parts and sides, is entitled byanga. j Defects of the Cat’s-eye . 233. Karhara, sarJcara, trdsa, kalanJca and cleha are the five defects belonging to this class of gems. 234. A Cat’s-eye which is hard to the touch, is called Jcarlcara ; and that which contains grits, is called sarkara. A Jcarlcara Cat’s-eye brings about loss of friends. 'srsybr i TOrtftOTftfaffa fcmiw TO I farft i i cro ^ ^ to i i i | srfa, '« to srfro ^ cTOfi fwTO^I TO TO i i TOfa TOi TOt^r TO m°s *l#TO^ *\ TO to> hTOi TO I *08 I 260 Cs " fi^^jirf g^jTw ^W- ^wpc*: l T*rwfa II ^ n far^TT^r: qsrsr: ^Tfafaf^trr: I Inr^^Ttf fro?ra: *fw: *firi n ll fTOW*n«3Tr^ f^^yirT | fnfc^rw^rrsiTfT ll ^\q i crrsnRT i f*w OTfsRT zzi *tt*t*t *£\, ▼*, OTjftm granr 5TTW ^\X f%*J *W ^"TTq *rr^w vt, twir t\ ^irqqiT "T^Ot^t ^tit qn$rorT # ; f^pqqsV *rif *r*?tt *TT"pr f>, tr sr^w $*, t’f *pt*st ^rajfsRrT ^TT^rfafiT a^fa ?re ^Trti * l l tKT ^frRT WRTfTT ^ I | ^wi g*f?C%9r gft 5TT q>7, , rr^BT fa^qre #, fffir *nvs$$ fafwq ^V ^5TT^T ^SefW =?>?£ ^fifzqi TO^stt | ^\Q I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 261 Translation. 235. That mark in a Cat’s-eye which looks like a break, is a trdsa. It destroys family dignity. That which shows conflicting colors, is called kalanka. Such a gem is destructive. A deha Cat’s- eye bears dirt within it. This gem wastes the body. 236. Girikdcha, Sisupala, glass and crys- tal are made use of in fabricating false Cat’s-eyes. 237. A false Cat’s-eye, if it is made of glass, is detected by being scratched by the diamond alone ; if it is made of sisupdla by its lightness ; if of girikdcha , by its want of lustre, and finally if of crystal, by its excessive gloss. fawn wfw ^r, wrtw, w,w mi WtH ffam ^f*l ^31 I | flW Sfl ^S?Tttfa wft, ^5i 3t*i f*t^*tK f’rfwt^'Q 3«f ^t?Tl ''W < P <£t<Fff*n® I *o<U I 262 «nrsr^( 3fT?^ N f^irrg: ^rfsrl *W**Ulf: | ?IWTfq *T*T3PC<!rTl**- in;*: n « snshw^ *^T f^*T*ff W4 I ir^ft ^wm *t 4 **t* II II fM: jt*w*t*t: TTfa^n *f**f|1%^r*5fT*: I wujftssrfrfn;*^*^ f*^Tt II i? 8® II \ CTT5TJRI | WS\ ^TW *S^t **r* ft, #fwi* *?!¥ rIT^-% HTt^T% *TTT 'fFT ^fT*^r *T^* ft *WT ^ I Twmft gf*?* w *r*rm ffasrrrc t# ** fe^Tfafa'srT** wfVirf *ff 3 <t f*^T* *«t *fr V l Rkt-\ *t$* ^tT^tftWi •=** <fit *fl*T ^TRI* ^ffc ft*TT^ TT<T3>T ^T^T *3?<r TW*t ^*<^ftft gTriT ^ I ^8° I 1 A TREATISE ON GEMS. 2G3 Translation. 238. Even when a false gem resembles in color a real one to a degree, still there are characteristic differences between the two, which legibly mark out the one from the other. 239. Persons well versed in the science can easily distinguish a mendacious jewel from a genuine one, by its lightness, softness, gloss etc. 240. Much depends upon the art with which a gem is set on gold or any other precious metal, — indeed so much that a gem of really superior order may be shorn of half its lustre by the vicious skill of the goldsmith, while another of far less worth may gain in brilliancy from the skill with which it is set. fwtf% #1 faprfc o«w <2W%- f V I ^ I c^iwi fwt1% ftFr<t ^f £ f wtn wfrrw f*\w c*ftw W9 <4^ f^tTO^fXWtirl lf8 ^5 ^ I ^8° l 269 I Os " qqtffq*?TTqif%ft^ ^T* I q^q f^;4*ra: gf^s wssfarifto^fH^ ii w ii ^f?T qf^ qq*T (3TT5T^5Tt ^T WT q^fqqqfq^Tfl' Wfrl^f qfaq? j ’qqftq WTg qW TeT* •gf«TOrrw^q: qTqqsrarqsaq II *8M qOUTT t *r'fT3 n rq*q^ qq< <ftqn i?jpfowT ^ vs #, ^win€t <ftq«r q^fqqqrr q^ ^nr # 1 ^ 8 ^ I ^TTTnrhr qiqqT q^qq«K ’qftrarrc^ ’qqfq qg?q; qr?qiT qiqT%?; q^^q^q- TT^fT fsrq%q *n?nT*ft w \ t,^t q *t, ^qq^TT qqrfqqT qf^T qfqq TtqT qfon I ^ 8 ^ I *fq qgfqqiqiT qqiq I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 265 241. A Cat’s-eye weighing two palas* is worth as much as a very good padmardga weighing one told . t 212. A vicious Cat’s-eye paves the way for the sure ruin of the wearer, be he a self-denying indi- vidual, a king accustomed to wear gems of all sorts, or an ascetic who has learned to restrain his senses. c^rt ^ri ^tt I W i fesfe ^ 31 0¥3, Wffo fcnjk «rt^ e i kk^r ^k© i ^ i i a ||HE Cat’s-eye is a rare variety of the Chryso- f 3 beryl, of extreme hardness and is characteriz- ed by the remarkable play of light in a certain direction, probably caused by a peculiarity in its crystallization. This ray of light, or in the jeweller’s language, this “ line,” shines in well-polished stones with a phosphorescent brilliance. This stone is found of various colours, ranging through all the shades of yellow, brown, green, and very rarely, black. No matter what the ground colour of the stone may be, the “ line” is always white and more or less iridescent. The gas-light or full sun-light, which renders the line more vivid, displays the lustre to the best advantage. The most popular colours are the clear apple green and the dark olive — these forming splendid black grounds over which the line appears in beautiful contrast. When held towards the light, the stone resembles the contract- ed pupil of the eye of a cat. Its peculiar beauty lies in the mysterious gleaming streak which moves from side to side as the stone is turned. The speci- mens most liked by the Indians are those of a dark olive colour, having the ray so bright on each edge as to appear double. The hardness of the 1 A TREATISE ON GEMS, 267 ^ Cat’s-eye is 8-5 in the scale ; it being scratched by the Sapphire, Ruby, &c. Its specific gravity is 3‘ 8. It is infusible before the blow-pipe alone, but is not affected by acids. It contains about 80 per cent, of alumina and 20 of glucina and colouring matter (protoxide of iron). It belongs to the trimetric or rhombic system of crystallization. Its lustre varies from being almost perfectly transparent to almost opaque. It possesses a double refraction and acquires electricity by friction and retains it for several hours. This gem is found in rolled pebbles in parts of North America, Brazil, Moravia, the Ural Moun- tain, India, but chiefly in Ceylon together with Sapphire. The Cat’s-eye is generally cut in Ceylon, en caboclion. The Chrysoberyl of which it is but one variety, is cut on a copper wheel with Emery and polished with Tripoli. Its Price ; Flcavs and Defects; Mode of Testing. The Cat’s-eye is much used in jewelry for rings j and pins and is never engraved upon. Its value j chiefly depends on its size and beauty. The varie- Where found. Mode of Cutting. THE CAT’S-EYE. ties of colour do not affect the value very much ; some people like one colour, some, another. To fetch a good value, the line should not only be perfect and brilliant hut it should be well-defined, net very broad and should run evenly from end to end across the middle of the stone. It has always been very highly prized by the Indians and the Cingalese. The value has of late considerably in- creased, owing to the fancy which the Europeans have begun to take to it. A ring-stone may be worth from £10 to £100 or upwards. There are some large stones in the market said to he valued at more than £1,000. The jewellers have frequently confounded the true Cat’s-eye with another stone of the same name which is a variety of the Quartz, and have often sold the one for the other. Even by the least ex- perienced, the Quartz Cat’s eye can be distinguish- ed from the true one, by its inferior hardness and want of brilliance. The colour of the Quartz Cat’s-eye is of vai’ious shades of yellow and brown only. Its hardness is from 6 to G'5. It can only scratch glass. Its specific gravity is 2-65. It melts with soda into a clear glass and is soluble in fluoric acid. The chemical composition is of 48 parts of Silicium and 51 of Oxygen with a small amount of oxide of iron and lime. It is usually set with a black or gold foil to add to its play and brilliancy. A TKEATISE ON GEMS. Marvellous Powers. The fact of the gleaming streak shifting from side to side as the stone is turned, has led the superstitious to believe it to he the abode of some evil spirits. It was dedicated by the ancient Assy- rians to their god Belus and was called, on this account, the oculus Bell and by others, the “ wolf’s eye.” It is regarded by some nations as a sacred stone and used as a charm against witch-craft. Celebrated Cat’s -eyes. The largest Cat’s-eye (also the “Hope”) is hemis- pherical and \ inch in diameter. In 1815 it was captured from the King of Kandy (Ceylon), with whom it had been an object of great pride. It has attained a celebrity for many centuries past and ap- pears to be the identical stone mentioned by Ribiero, in his History of Ceylon, as belonging in the 16th century to the Prince of Ura. It is mounted in massy pure gold and set* with Rubies (cut en cabo- chon), in the Eastern fashion. A very large-sized Cat’s * The late King Victor Emmanuel hail many peculiarities one of which may be related in a few words. It appears that His Majesty each year allowed one of his toe-nails to remain uncut through the year, and on New Year's Hay he cut off his projecting nail "which was always about an inch in length. A jeweller cut and polished this piece of nail, which acquired the appearance of the stone known as a “cat’s eye,’’ and framed it in a rim of gold set round with diamonds. The King each year presented this jewel to his mistress, the Countess Mirafiori, who already possessed fourteen of these novel ornaments. The fifteenth had been cut by the late King on the 1st January 1878, and as His Majesty died on the 9th of that month, the jeweller had not had time to polish and mount it. It has since been conveyed to the Countess by King Humbert .— The Indian Mirror , 15 th June 1878. w 270 THE CAT’S-EYE. ■ { : I eye was once seen with one Pundit Lutchminarain, who had at one time refused an offer of Rs. 10,000 for it. It has afterwards been bought by a zemin- dar of Mymensing, East Bengal, for Rs. 6000. Babu Than Sing Boyed of Moorshedabad has a good Cat’s-eye of a black color. Rai Budridass Mokeem has, in the shape of a kanthd, a collection of Cat’s-eyes of various shades and tints. There is a very large Cat’s-eye, about the size of a pigeon’s egg, set upon a pan-dan, in the possession of the Hon’ble Maharajah Joteendro Mohun Tagore Baha- door. It is of a brownish color and shows the “ line” to great advantage. I jttoi < \ ' TO^Tfe^J^qqwSTTfiT I TTfarTTfa €t$ qqp§ TpTJfPWq II ^ II TTOTq^q *rxqq TOfq^fa: I \3 \> S&f a^rrreir ^qq^qq^TOj ^aa 11 f?*TfWfanrq^rct qftq qqrTqfqftir, I ST^T^taiTOT w gunTOtg-q: n o vrfmi 3*rrc I | cfCsWI I i ¥Tqt, TO, THfiT, ^l r , ?TWf%, f%q qfa *tq q^q qtfq qq^T TOT ^ I ^fqqiq | TOsrq ■#" » %fro t*t qqqq ^nq>^ qVf?T faqq | ^TT^T qq^X TtrfT if I ^ 8^1 I to Ttqrc to% wftqq wt *frfq ’ftm #, TOTTWq f^TfsrJ ftfrl # , ^TT^^qfit q^fT ^TO %, tqm qftqi ’qiqnro^q ^qqft # to 1 1 ^ 8 8 1 to^, qjq, q?q?*: qfa *rwf% t* v q^q< totto ■ qfa qtq, fro qffc q^q *ftfq TtWT li ^ 8^L i PEARL. Translation. 243. It is generally believed that the Pearl origi- nates in elephants, clouds, boars, conch-shells, fish, serpents, oysters and bamboos — of which oysters have the largest share in their production. 244. The Pearl which originates in a water- drop from the clouds, is a gem of the first rank and a rarity ; — the gods appropriate it from the sky. 245. Pearls originate in the heads of elephants, boars, serpents and fish, in the hollows of bam- boos, and in the wombs of oysters and conch-shells. l I ^ft, GPI, ^ c*r, ^ c*rfaetfH, «t1w I W I (7N (71 \st^1 ^1- ^5^ <5^ c l I 5,88 I *f*f, Wty 'S ^ tftTF I ^84 I I I 7 T^TT%^ ^WTW’ f%^T q’tfe* qrwj^ ^gqiqkq fqq 11 Nj VJ ^JtT qrqiM^Tf^T q^T5fl 7T5T5T: WIP^T q g fq^iq^iT- ^ q^qiTqT jr^qT: h^t: b ^8^ <^^TT 5 TT ?1 ^fqf*nT*|?r qg qir? qfRr I ■JTT^ qqf«rl q-RT sS WTf% qTWffiqT fl^lfq II ^ 8^ I) rTOWT I ^ttT qjk qjqi q^fiq qft *ftf?r qq^T 'skT % fq^T qq^jfq> qi Trtffi t, ^rre qfa> fqq qfk q*r^T *rtfq qq^T Tt«TT 1 1 ^ 8^ qft % wt fq.f%w sfTtwt qqiq f% *tt, ^^5 % fqqqn qtfq qqr ^tt^t qVfh q^T ^tht %, ^q^qTq ^rtf>T q^q, qjqfrT qq ^ qff qmT> qTfa qqnrq qft q;fq qqqq Ttai %, q^ qq qftfk qqiq 1 1 qg ^9 1 qin, ^tw\ fqfq q^f%, uif ^k srqiq t*t qqq qrt *ftfrT qq^T 'TtrfT %, q^t qq qtffl ^Tq^TT qf? ^kTT %> Jlfillli q^q ^riq t I ^8^ 1 Translation. 246. Those Pearls that are found in the heads of elephants and snakes, are rarely to he had except by devout austerities ; — at present good Pearls are obtained from bamboos, oysters and conch-shells. 247. Of the kinds of the Pearl enumerated above, those derived from the oyster alone are penetra- ble, the rest being impervious. Those Pearls that originate in clouds, are the best of their sort. 248. The Pearls that are produced in bamboos, elephants, whales, conch-shells and hoars, are gene- rally lack-lustre, although they are of great use in auspicious rites. 'Q *P?17F (71 OTI, fori >5t^i ^1 's ^ W ^ eft® wl i (7i wwi fora off, \5TOI CW» ^ ‘STfitl fo® ^<ri 7 rf’fora *ftr?r, fofot ^«.^rajrtc?r fo® wi *rf ^ *ffira I (7N (71 ^§*1 <3^ I 78°I I (7i wc% c*r| erfot C^rTftfft ^1 r 4tC^, fo§ fofora W? I *.8* C\ " 'd'i? «n>T fir 11 ^a<? n efi^r^r qfaisfinr ^njsr fftrcwqi i iffa*gwrrtsg ^T^^wfhr^ l^»i fwzrnp*nr Txf | w 4 ^t*j^ir- ^Rtar*n*T 3 ff H ii crrsifli i UWfa^IT^ qftrifft^ fqSfwn^ft <?<?{- fa*T v T, ^3???T clT^ffnT, ^frf, tag ^ ^T<7 q<Tt*r # t, t^ n qiRW ■Ji~5r*ftf?T faTwm TfaT ^ i ^85. i ^rt *ftfa qfaiq^fqre^, Tf %hr, cj=f sTT^wqw %, wr *ftf?T qfamfqr^q ^ m vw 'Tte, W ^f^ggnr, W\ aftfa q^rmfoi^g s^RTW %, W f T i?f^nr ^ «ft aftfri q'Hnqsrlw 3?i* *fhrqqr TO, t i | £*RT qq^Tsst ^TfOT Wf ^qiii qTOT «^T, TO, itq, ^fr*Rq a?T^h ^ ^qjqi 7 C\ q«f€t ^T«T, tWfIT^T% qfaq TTO f) ^Wl 4 »T % I I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 277 Translation 249. Persons wlio have studied the elephant with particular attention, have divided it into four classes, called after the names of the four cardinal divisions of the Hindus. Accordingly, Pearls derived from elephants are classed under four heads. 250. Pearls which are white and which emit a yellow lustre, are Brahmins ; those which are red and possessed of the same lustre, are Kshetriyas ; those which are black (lustre same), are Yaisyas ; and those which are blue (lustre do.), are Sudras. 251. Of cloud-begotten Pearls, those which resemble in shape the hen’s egg, which are beauti- fully circular, substantial, weighty and bright as the sun, are enjoyable by the gods and cannot be obtained bv men. * ’tfhc'Sdl Fff% «t*I feat's I 3,8S> | (7i w ; ’srftcfal %7s3 c^< ; *jwf ■^fsTTTl I I (Tsws^, ^wni ^<2rt*tT I ^ I i 278 wm jt*w C\ 9RX^Wff«T WWTff qfThfiqfqq | qrfqfq^q^Tq *ftPirqj q^^fqfq n R Tfifar^ qqjqr tjr q^ira l TO^t q qaq%qr^%: II ^ II qmfq qqTrqq qfrqf faq^qq rT%*TT I ^fi^qTqTiqf^qfqqTq- qif^qrqf t^faqi^fq** n ^i£s ii cR^WT I aqrqqq^ q^qq qijq'twqirq *ft vpft qq^T 'wtm %, JTT^q- *ft q>fq qq^T ^rTT T> qi? qq qtfq ^rTqi% q<qq> qqiq, ^qrqq vrTT^» qsTT^T q^T, qrfq>q qw ^riq I I qlqq 1 wt «ftfq qq^r ’rtqT t, qw ^t^t qft^r* qwqq ^T^r, tT^T qYqiqqfqqsrq q*k q^q s qqiq^TT, g'qrtq if qT *ftfq qiqqi q€tq qfV Ttm i < qqq srf ^ftfrr qqqT ^qr 'f > q¥ qsq 3 !’ qnftq qf%* w^t, qnqsrqi^q qqqT qitq % *nq '?' i <qq s qTfqqq if ^t q*r t, ^ ^tq^qifrt qqjq! qqi*, ^q_qq WIT qfV qqifq 1 q yi8 l A TREATISE ON GEMS. 279 Translation. 252. Those Pearls that originate in the head of the elephants of Kliarahoja in the country of Shya- ma, are large as the fruit of the Emblic Myrobalan, heavy and more yellow but not more lustrous than the other kinds. 253. Pearls which originate in the crest of serpents, are beautifully round, and are embosomed in a blue halo of surpassing glory. These, persons void of merit are denied the privilege of even looking at. 254 Cloud-begotten Pearls never touch the earth, and are appropriated by the gods from the TOT, '5t^l TO 'S'to TOff, ^rfw cwft TO I I ^W\ ^5*1 CTOltTO, ; ^irTO ^rfrol 4^*1 <ro cwfro TO ^ri i ^ i crot«TO wt ^TO TOf to ^ri, to CTO 4 ! "TO1 TO e l TOR, (TTt TO«T C^sSf C <T, WtTOTO TOJ<I TOl I I *48 I sky. They are clad in the mighty effulgence of the mid-day sun. i f^WT 3WI fR*Uq*TT^T^ffq fTf^TTT^ II II fqfq WT$f?[ tcPH^ fffaT ^gt^^T’TTWTfHTT^T I *r^r 3T ^t ^nf^frr fa^qt ir 1«<TWT *pft ?T^J ^qwqwf || II fVfafa 3TOPCT ^f^- f^T^TJTTsR 5 ? ff: TTVf^J I qiqwg^rN: q*rat wrfm ?rf%^f?T ii ^y^s n cRSlUT I ^ir ^Pt *rtfa qq^T , rtm %, to^pT ^tjt, tT< 5T, •5T^% ffT^CT %ttX U¥3TWt qptrtT f* ’sfH q^ *ftf?r f%ra v ?rrf f^qft u^ra qiqi %, T*ft fiT'f *tk %rbr^*r Ttqq t¥?it % i W I <3tPT fq^wfqfw *tK TsT% *IPC fIFTq TTcj; qq^T 3?% ^Tfff^ cpnqw srfV Tt ^^f«T I r*i^ I q^fT N wfei qqlqif siftir fqpft rrc^iir ihr# qg^T q-Tfrf qfq fSTtpr U*{ qrtf?r qp? wjtt, ^qq- f<^q w ^T^qt T* s m*uq qr^qq; *T*r qRqi | ^\s | A TREATISE ON GEMS. 281 Translation. 255. They surpass in lustre, fire, the moon and stars, and are equally flaming in the light of day and the blackest night. ] 256. This world, ornamented by the four oceans,* — the home of the most splendid gems of infinite \ variety, can scarcely equal in value one cloud-gene- rated Pearl. \ 257. If by rare good fortune even a person be- I longing to the very lowest order comes in possession of such a Pearl, he shall reign paramount in this * world so long as the gem is with him. j *f<TM TO, TOP cw ftfst *rt?r, top? itfes'e i \<t<t i | TO<1 *fRfte ipj to f% 5fl \\<tb\ | ^tiror cTOTOTO tot?! CTO-2fTO «tT^» vfrR'C'© *ftfTOT WfTO Wl \ PTOP sftfTO, TOfTO TO Shastras, and not by the far more advanced lights of Europeau Science. < As it is our most cherished object to give a peculiarly Indian air to the £ book, (which is all the more necessary, having regard to the authori- ^ ties we follow) we have not scrupled to cast it in.the mould of Sanskrita \ writers. J i ftp® *ttta i top i * Our English readers are requested to remember that we go by our | l 0\ "* ’TW T7"5f T «TT Trf^T ^T*JT W I ^f^rr: ^TTT^ ^35ftfa*r^*5n^T foraf fwf^Tw^ri i ^ s ^RTTfaisfasR ^t*rer ^ II II | «ftfinr ^rfsfi^Tf ^tt»t i ^Tfnr^^Rt^ ^tt ^T rftsnr^* n n \ <TC5WT I ira^isrox «ftf?r tT * fV ^ * $ ^?i | <3*% TTTf^^^giT ^T^TT Sfi^-, 3f*r% fw* v ?T^T^ *J5W TT^fl *ftfct T%, eft ^Wf ^-^t^fI5R ^X» ; ?rnr *rt I I TTTfnr, ?HT, ^{T. 'gJ^T T^fa 5 * rTrSfi t t*('*t ^twT #, *^raraT *rtf?r f?r«rf^if%^7^)T wtm #, ^rafctfqpft* qrf%, WW 'WTWI^fT f%wr «STT^T ^r^T T^rfT #, ^ *T?T f%^ s *ftf?R XTTf%^T f%^7 ^TT^T T^rfr #.. ^ ^^fjr wtt<jt j % I ^<* I l ^«t^t f^wr ^ti^t ’rtai # , f -v v ^rjT^T ^W^TT ^¥T5T?r Wfa ^4% rlT^ ^rtW *rf%* ; ’^ffa ¥T^T^iT f%^T ^JIT^T 'wtfir ^TT^T Kfa«T, ST3?<T^T*S ^T^iT I I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 283 *^J Translation. 258. A cloud-begotten Pearl is a blessing not only to its owner ; — but it shoots its blessed influence a hundred yojanas* beyond the precincts of the domains of the king possessing it. 259. Clouds are produced by the union of three things ; — water, energy and the air ; accordingly, cloud-begotten Pearls are divided into three classes, agreeably to the preponderance of one or other of these substances. Those in which water forms the agreeable. 260. Those in which energy preponderates, are beautifully round and perceptible from a distance . like the sun; while such as are predominated over by the air, are agreeably tender, spherical, highly transparent and light to a degree. Tpppsrcsf I \<k\r\ CTOI faifar Wr ^<rt «rt (7i WHT vSt^l <7FR«T, CT w vat^l <Ftf%- ^t?r, x s x Q^7i i i * A Yojana is sometimes regarded as about equal to a European league (i. e., 4* or 5 Euglish miles, but more correctly4 krosas or about 9 miles according to other calculations 2£ English miles, and according to some 8 krosas.) — M. Williams . base, are very transparent, soft, weighty and highly <27FR (7Tt <TRit<I 'sto 'e m i ^ I H'fTfT I i srTrsaffaTRw i | wnTrr 3 rw%t Tf^r^Tft:^ ? N -V \ TTWT^ TOCTgfTC II II sr^nf^rrfm^ ^nrrUfq i riv «TT<TT *TWWT *W*N I I j arw*: a^^hf ^ I j ■ ^frp?: igotTO W TOT ^ II ^ II f W- *t«ra: I ^ sjRan s?jr ^ R II B ? crowi i apfiTi W3W wt ^ftfrr tr^^T 'rtfTT #, WW *ftfrT apfiT% ^TcTS W?T ^tfTT 'f , %f^R f?€r ^JT%^T5T TW ^hft t I I ftwrn:% ^T’fT’sr, ^%, tag arf I -5TTW I, ^fTC 5 ? ^TrT^T TlrfT t, ^ > °\ ^TBW ^^TSRT wtfruft ^TT ^Tm^iT TtfIT # I I ^TlffW^TTfl^I *ftf<T ^ ^SJRT ; wfjp ^TfT^r *ftf?r ^ ^ar i i i aftfa *RT7 s J ^3RT ; a^^TfT^T *ftfrT sSk w^*r **4hr I ^8 i Translation. 261. Pearls which originate in the head of the < boar, are generally white as the tusks of that animal ; — rarely resembling in hue, the color of ; the boar. 262. As boars are divided into four orders deno- : minated after the names of the four cardinal castes, even so are the pearls which are produced \ by them. 263-64. The Brahmin Pearl is white and soft to the touch; the Kshetriya one is red- white and hard ; the Pearl of the Vaisya class is white- yellow and tender ; while the Sudra Pearl is blue-white and hard to the touch. I a WT SfCTT, fifing ^ ^ ^irl i ^ i ^%ri RftR- i w i 3^r< ^1 'S CRt^ 735 ^ ^1 v s W*t**K I ^ I ^W\ ^-%R< 'Q R\b8 | *r^l W aftfW 11 $ ^eft anf^URfR- *npr*w *it* I ^fT^fa^T^Tfa 5 ? W5JT \J <r§rew wffi n i a^^c^^JRTW' I 3i*f ?R Tr»f wf^- ^ ’I^fWIrT II ^ R cfpWT *ftfw tR^r% ^JTjiT ?jfi% ^T^TT'f W*^, ^r ^Trr^iT ^R>r<T ^T^T ^T ^T^*rhfit ajfij ^TTT 1^1 far^ar^T ^5T ^TW ^ ^k ^ *T*TT- W> aT^tf *ftf?T TW?T 'TtcfT ^ ^R WTTri *ftf?RiT 'SRT f%WT ^TrTT # I ^ f ^ aj^fR *flf?T tR^T TtrTT T 4 , ^*R>T ^ ^ «rf ^ifi TRR # , ^fk <3W Tip ar^ q-7% ^3TTT«T ^ ; ar^RT^T WtfrT ^*k W3RT *ftfa % ^T W*T ^T^TWI I I I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 287 Translation. £ 265. A boar-begotten Pearl resembling a plum j in shape and the tusks of that animal in hue, is a most beautiful object in nature and is not to be ob- \ tained by a meritless individual. i 266. Of conck-shells, those only that are yellow- b odied and black-mouthed produce Pearls. I shall \ now describe Pearls of this origin. j 267. A Pearl that is derived from a conch-shell, is of the dimensions of a large plum, and is white as the inner surface of the coat of that shell-fish. Such Pearls as well as those produced by elephants, | are the best of their kind and are productive of good j fortune. ^TPF I I I *\zm w arc fwf, C7\\ ^s*i ^rS%<n ^§ff© ^Rl I ^ I (71 WT 'srt^tsr 3*c5Tsr srfa, '■$ *tw- arc i ^ i I C\ '■* fT^f^lfTO^jt?^ II II ^rfaroTf^Frot ^ zfmv- ipn: i *\%qi to f% II ^ ii ^qftf%?ifa^r<:i: i ^tqpki: ittzto ^ wwf wtfw: H ^s® II (X cpcstot i ^ m^TO "af^ q^R«T t" , <3^ «ft wi %mT 4 \ ^Tf?i qjfrn;-^ ^ns!% ^r^TTST tP qiw<i wi *jq^, f%TO> to^t ’aft?; ^rsT^i I I ^ItTIT^ ^WWrT^R ’UTtTTTW f%f%W^iT W*=T TTW^T 'TfrlT ^ rlT^ W^t ^Ta^T ^ftm^ ^TtTIT^ ^fif%*T^T %T<Tr ^ l^£- I aT^ir TT^T^t *fq^, TOT, qm^T, TO^T ^TT"T, 5?NrT, ^ "TT"T ? ^TT^T qfal, 'WTW qri^t qft* ^tw, w^ir ^fqif^qn W TtfTT ^ | ^\s® | A TREATISE ON GEMS. 289 Translation. 268. The conch-shell called pcmchajanya* is the best of its kind. The Pearls produced by it are like the pigeon’s egg in size, and transparent as hail as well as white. These are exceedingly beau- tiful. 269. There are twenty -seven kinds of conch- shells, produced by as many stars of the Aswini class ; accordingly Pearls generated in them being marked out by distinctive qualities, are divided into twenty-seven orders. 2-70. A conch-shell Pearl is white, black, yellow- ish, crimson blue, reddish, deep-yellow, ashcolored or pale-red. i ^r, *11^ fet'Q ^5ri i ^ i %r, sfawrtf^©, *tt7%©, * So called because it is related to the five classes of beiugs, viz., gods, men, Gandharvas and Asuras, serpents and Pitris. — Williams. i 0\ **■ *T^?T I S5*T7!WW falTV ^ q^fqfa: || II ’TOT’raW TTifa^’ I *r q«rro qqtq: n q\a^ b qqr ^%?r w* I qrofaw^praTOSTfaei ^tT^T II ^ 8 cTT^ff^T I ^fs«rj?t ^rr^ ^ttttt'jt wq% *r& w' 5?t ?mqq q^I^T qfrswq 3T3?rr N *nft, *i^t #st ^’sraq^ sft *rtf?r qfo *5- Tqflt q^ra** gft ^ *rg^rwj?rqiT *ftf?r ^t«j^ ^T^T Tt<TT # I \^i% 1 wt *?wf% qq^T ■rtfw ^ ^q- *ftfa qq^T TtrfT "f\ q^f%WTrrq?T *ftfa ftw^q Wt^T, ^t^rqq ^T^rqiT «TW cffqT^T *rwf %q? fq*5 q^rq l ^\gq i fqfq *rwf%q sfr *ftf?r qq^T ^ttt #, qqqrr ^f«T Tpgii q^Tq, qfhqqq q^cT 'WT^rqiT, qrrrfaq^ qqrq ^q^r> q=aq q?l;q *ite, %fq;q ^T^rqriq^Tq qfi i^\q^i ■ \ A TREATISE ON GEMS. 291 Translation. 271. The nine species of Pearls obtained from the first nine stars of the Asivini order from Aswin to Aslesd. are very heavy — those produced by the next nine from Maglia to Ieshthiva are less so ; while those produced by the rest from Muld to Revatl are very light. 272. Pearls are also obtained from the mouth of sea-fish. Such pearls are singularly round, small and light, and in color are like the back of the sheat fish, (Silurus Boalis). 273. Those Pearls that originate in whales, are ^mj^-shaped* and patafo'-colored.f They are very light and agreeably round, but are not highly lustrous. i ware to i&cs sjyFl 'Q'SrM spll CWT&1 ’PW ^ '55<1 5 ^PTi ‘-PlTi? <4^ *T^»l^ r c5Wt^s ^s*i i i (71 W WCTT, ^ ^1 3&5tc*r?r ^ i vi*. i (71 wi , ©®1i ( ) srfa, 'S’SHTi c’tfrfafa, f¥s c^r =ri i w i * Patali is the trumpet flower, Bignonia Suaveolens . — Williams. t A red and black berry of Abru’s Precatorius forming the smallest (?) of the jeweller’s weights averaging about || grains Troy. — Williams. I PWTt *fNTt ^tt^t *ftftrqi 11 ^s >8 B ^ftTOTCff ^TrTTcT ^T^rf f^TTrTt I ^li* *R^sf n It fRSWI I ^1^, ft tT, ; WTgftTT ; ^^ftrT ; 5TIWK ^ ^ftr^ Wt *T7T f%fa*Tqft ^TeT Ttfa # » *Wf%ir q^T^T ^t?? ?tt%^t ^>rr % l ^8 l ftr* N «rwf%^r wt ’ftftr, < 3 *% qg^x- ^TT *ftf<r ’ 5 Vfti*Tq' WS"fI v ^T^nfiT, ; ftre *wf%t ftir ^tit^t t^ti, <s*r% q^i^x »rtf^r ^T^iT qftrTW* qft* W^CT zftrc^VRZ ZZ ^I^TTT ; \A N ftf^r qwftw qpR «sri^T ’^folX, <3*T=fiT qq^TafqT qtft ^•ST^W ^T^t, ^3- ; qjH ftr^ qwftw STTgftTT WT^T ’ffalT* ^^q>T q^Ts?qT *ftf?I | q^rr 'fre^r, qffc £rcx zta*;% zz sti^tt '^aii A TREATISE ON GEMS. 293”^^ Translation. 274. Fishes are divided into seven kinds, accord- ing to the preponderance of one, two, or all of the three vital properties — the air, bile and cold ; and so are the Pearls produced by the finny kind. 275. Pearls which come from fish into whose composition the air principally enters, are exceed- ingly light and reddish brown ; those produced by bilious fish are yellowish and brittle ; those pro- duced by fishes in which cold preponderates, are heavy and white ; and those which originate in fish predominated over by the air and bile, are brittle and excessively light. ^Tpr 1 ^ I ^8 | ^wt's ^1 «^'s ^1 ^ 'e M wjto* w\ weft*! 'Q ^[f% «T^ I ^0: I 294 nfjffJTRTt ! I WT<n?r | ^f^wriro ^rr%TTffiw^^ > Xt^iWT: ’^t: § ^Tf^-'TTffl^Tt 0 0 HW7T ift^^nhlifaf | f5I<TT5ft^fnTf?T^^T7^T5T- t%%*WTWW^ftW B^\Q\SO fqq^TTfqy: ^faTWrWTTt sfwsft I ^Tf?fT xqxj f<refar ^ W'ft ii i <TT5IHT I «5TT^T ^tor, «^«r ^^t- *ftf<T f ^ W^fT ; f%*r ftTxI- qps wim ’wfrn> '3^iT q^rsrgT *rtfb *}a?w Tjrrqf ^ fa4sr ♦ fw* v *rwf%£ f^xT q»qf Tn^\ **n?r ^711, xt^t^-^t *tf?r xnsfafxsrrr fa^r ipqqm TtTTT ; T^t ^Trlf^fw^t *Wf%qi ^tf%% ^^ftfTT xr^^xgiT'tn^ wqT xj^figXT^T^ *T?fa% q^T ^txr, efff 1 1 ^ | xriqV, wt xftfa q^T ’tVm t, vfr^r, xeitxr ^5nf?r wtt% ^xrt«t ^fterrer i ^\s i fsr^^i W3iW Trtfh XTTI^T ^fTT I, efT qT^f%- snTSRT ^jq TtrTT t> X£ qj qjq onffaq^ ^T*RI% Tiff q^T qi^Tf'qxr fqiqf qfq^T t^!** *T *T ^riq q^T mm t 1 l A TBEATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 276. Pearls produced by fish predominated over by the air and cold, are rather large ; those produced by fish in which bile and oold prepond- erate are very transparent ; and those produced by fish into which the three substances enter in equal proportions, combine all the first-mentioned qualities. Of these, those only into the composition of which either one substance or all the three enter, are productive of good. 277. Pearls which adorn the serpent’s crest, are finely round and highly shining ; and reflect a beau- tiful blue halo like the flash of a polished sword. 278. Those serpents that bear Pearls on their head are the descendants of Vdsuki* ; these are not born everywhere, and are rarely seen by men in some sacred ground. c\ 'afsr ti *r#rTf- ^ i i OI V J^1 'SrC^f, Tx*r^® ciiTx ttr 5Tl, 'SRTO't U'ih ^tr i * Sovereign of the snakes. ^T^taTTO*irtaTOI- 'srgfsNiw I *pre «rmi: TT^TT^ ^srf: l^ccj jrraifq xmfii *r %^rT ^T^rf-T^^cfT TO<¥t* ITRt I «^rsf^T: gTOffit ^TWfnt ’gVmRgTO faWW* || \K\ B frrsmT i ww ^rar«n ^ Trt^, w*r- ^rwref%?i, *ftfa gTJiT’sfa *?T^?faRt *TsW Tifv Ttm I i Tjjqi TO*$ *ftfa TtfIT v\ ST^W, ^f%, 1*5 'tffc OTTO ^TCwW JnUTOT 'fltr, ^ *5Tf *[% ^T^TT^T ; ^f^Wj ^3*511 ^ ^TT* ; ^ ^agww, ^5iT 55^ Wtt WR 'sfk <5ft t %%- w, <gw <?i? TOii *rt«t ' t I v*° I g^pn* *R> sroft, 5T w?t TOUHjfafit ^5if?T, Wk ^KT ftw 1 % ^ft ttt^ ^tqii q^f *ftfa vrcw ^3% TRRR ^ I V*\ I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 297 Translation, 279. Persons void of merit cannot see tlie class of Pearls under description; — the exceeding bril- j liance and beauty of which are hidden from their i view. 280. Such Pearls as are found on the head of \ serpents, are divided into four classes called after | the names of the four principal castes. Of these, | those which are Brahmins, resemble in form Shya- I hula* ; the Kshetriya class are like the fruit of the I Emblic Myrobalan ; the Yaisya Pearls are like com- mon plums ; while the Sudra ones are gunjd- shaped. 281. The power which is attained by virtuous people through the possession of innumerable gems and great wealth, through ordinary prosperity or | through regal good fortune, is attained by wearing | one serpent-begotten Pearl. *!Wl | ^rtu ^ i ^ i saTOrl brsir 's ^ «ttc* i <3rar*«f, crofa »¥rt^ra ; croft croft Ytn ; croft croft ^ ^ croft , $wf, ct- ! ^ft ^ I I <rc, ^ <nwli ^rl cw*t cwft i *\ta& i ^ i * A thorny shrub. 298 flfinuT^T I WSfOTI C\ " ^ H^w: ire^l Twrf%VT^f 'S’JTfNftg* fa TO ^[T fTfTj H <T^T TO^fa^Sratt- I^W^Tfa^SnKfa I 3T ri vstipt ?! ^ wrg^T^T 5T 5T*^T 5nfq ^ a fasfar ^TfafaK^rer' o gwT^^r f<refa II ii ifoxf^ftr writ t i faiNi ii ^8 o cf^swii fa*«nff ^tT ^TT^ft *tm 'ZF&SK 5 :^<T *?, ’SWTTiror ^r^f ^ ^»rf»T WTW, 5fit WT Ttfa ’f , T*[ 3»RW ^ft ^Tf^I^ *tfa ^ wit ^t<r» ttto fwri- ^Tf W 5ff% WrlT I | f%f% fafa WTW *^efiiirit *ftf?T TtfFI # , *T%?T *ffa ^ ^ftfaffrit ^fq% 5rrfrH> ?3WT«T #■ I ^8 I V . Translation. 282 — 283. When in an auspicious hour, a person carefully keeps such a gem in his house, in con- formity with the instructions of the authorities, the skies resound with the sound of the Dundhuvi ;* and such a person has nothing to fear from serpents, Edkshasasf and other demons, or from wicked people. 284. In certain places, Pearls are found on the head of frogs ; learned men class these with serpent Pearls. I TO c* fa <4Tn g i ct vri i ^ uw> i cro c¥ ft cwtfw #1 wfarai (Trt ftcroi i \&8 1 * A sort of large kettle drum. t Vide anti. * JTWT| 0\ •n <1 ^qTqT^fqqTJfqfq || II qH^T fiqq qqqqri $ ^Tqfq^q: I *FM: ^nqsq q^* wt teqqfrqq: n i ^PJT W^TT^T^TT qqiT f^^TSTT^T^: I q^fjq^friqriqpg TT'OC WTTTqqqq: B ^c\s | cTpWT I " ( ^Tq Tqqifiq qfr qTTq, qs qq^r qiq qq ¥ ), ( ^ttz )> qng-qqf ( *f%q mzq4fl^ qT'ST ), PRqte ( qj^ fir ), qftqT ( qqiqq^q% fqqz )» qTqpT ( ^Tfqqsfi ’qqrqq ), fq^rc ( qq^g tT )» ^iT'J *rqTq q>fq qq^T T>qT t* I 1 ^ fa* qqq q?Trfte^qq T^qx qq qqqq «ft qq TT^t qq fq*?q q^fq ^ ', qqt qfqrqt im q^fT qjqf Trqfq q^q *tqq qtfq qg^ T T*teT T* I I qrqqs^ qt: fa* qr?qt qq'qt, qq|- q^%qT qtfqq^ TTqi, qrqfq qq?; qqq^ q^ tfq Ttfq,<ft q^T qtfq T^T, qfa q*qq qq^ft q^q qtqq qtfq ^ftq T qfa qqj% q^q after qtfq TtqT i i A TREATISE ON OEMS 301 Translation. 285. Pearls are produced in tlie following eight places: — Sinhala* Pdralaukika, + Saur Astra, % Tam- raparni ,* f Paraslka, ]| Kauvera, § P Andy a** and Virata, ft 286. The Pearls that originate in water-drops falling upon oysters, when the sun rests on the SwdtiX + star, are flawless and bright. 287. The size of these varies in strict concomi- tance with the size of the water-drops — i. e. a large drop producing a proportionately large Pearl, and a small drop, a proportionately small one. srtcsi ), (*rfimir*r), tsfora (fcprm- ^ ), ^3*1 i *.w- i Cl W? d\ C<[ ?f^«T c\% ¥tTl ^I<1° ^1 WFH I *>”*> I wr ci *lfasrft«l wt’S c\% srfro, ^t, w- ^3*1 i i %X The star Arcturus (as forming the fifteenth lunar asterism.) I || Persia. § ** Included in DiAvira. X Surat .— (Vide ante.) * Ceylon. t Cannot be identified now. IT Near the Western Ghats. § Adjoining the Kaildsha Mountain, tf Matsyadesha. q^q^aETq fqwf^q I ^%*K fqfqV *jq I! II <rrerq^ff»r«f mq* qt<r qiqqqqrq* I fq^ttqw I qi^T^irTf q* RT^ fq?T f%TTZW II H qfwMUsng ^fwqrqq^fq: ^qqT l qqr *tt«t* f%q* qrT?fKqqq'qq II ^<$° ll qomi fqqqtsft ^frt% q^<r qqq^rq qftq »ftq?K qqiq Tlf> qT*qVq>qi tw qq^rsrqT qtfq q-5?q ztq qprq qrrqqq qsnr q^ I I qroqqf t*q>T qq^TsrqT q*\fa qiqi kw , qTC^l tqpRT iftfil <fNT W, tW *TTfH m^T s§iq t.T 4 qftq q^T qsqsr, qn^:rt*rq«T q'tfq fei qq^, fqqTi t;qq>T qifq qfa qqftr i ^<* 1 q%nft qTq^ Vjfi ^Tq fqq qq^T q>fq %, %f%q qq qrrq^t fqq qa?<r q.q t, qqq qft qtfq qq^T i\m t, qq q^iqq qfaw, qq^ qftq q^q qiq« qfk qnqq>q% qqiq q^T, Tq^ qqiqT q>fq qrrfqq T«y^% 1 1 ^<*<> i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 303 Translation. 288. A Cingalese Pearl is very cool to the touch, pure and honey-colored ; a pdralauJcika Pearl is very substantial, and consequently heavy. 289. A Pearl of the Tdmraparni country is cop- per-colored ; a Persian Pearl is yellow ; a Kauvera Pearl is gray and frightfully rough ; and a Pearl pro- duced in Pandya is white and rough. 290. There is a particular oyster called Rukmini , which is very rare. The pearls found in it are white, transparent and large as nutmegs. They are much coveted . l ^tfr ^rtw i w\ w\ ^ ’Srtwf'Q ^ fwfS- cTOrfa ^s*i « w*t i *wa ?Ff%% •Til 5 ! ex ^1 «3rc*C ^ ve WtWt*TsI =TTt5T mi <4 £f<Fft aj^l i i 1111 %sp jqfirerei i * ' ^rw^r fifefaff g’ *ircnjqrffrfa%: I ^ <5WJ?r II || a*TTf^WTf?nit* T^nmfq ^•gfq’RT: l ?THJ ^TTrT* f 5 ? ^T^gfl-SS II f%rr: T$T. fwrer: *WTfer?r: i ^TOT. ^f^: W’trai^vfTOTfo'TT: n ^ II <TOWT I TeRTT^ q%m% 5TrRf ^rnT. <3W*T «n^TT Tft^r, ^r 5 ir ^[t. *rt{% ■s‘ ; ^ tf%*r?r , i% %\x sftjg # , ^^WTfT^il ^ ^tT^r ^rf%% T7=B TTffTtRT^ # I ^ I fer*r s H^TT% eir^rw, ^f%, w^r ^ *s% ^TT«Ti?r Ttf?t%, ^ 3 T^»TT f%W*ft ^IT^TrT ^ , ^^5 tR^T- 3 RT ^TTfl^T 1 1 ^ I sft *rtfrr TW f w[^*r *nft, ^m- wt *ftfa ^ ttIrr% ’afk ^^r- cr§T, ^r^r- \3 ♦ \* XW WZt^T^T, ^ *frfft ^ffT^W # I I v3 ^ — — — — — ~ ^ — — -* — fir* A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 291. According to the authorities, perfectly cir- cular ancl chaste Pearls casting a beautiful shade, are rarely found and are of priceless worth, they being fit enjoyment for princes. Such Pearls are beyond the reach of unlucky individuals. 292. The four-fold division of caste holds also with oysters; accordingly oyster-begotten Pearls are of four kinds. 293. Such of these as are white, transparent, weighty, cool and shining, are reckoned Brahmins ; those which are ruddy, and large and which possess a reddish light, are Kshetriyas. I $ ^9fy3?'Sf|^S s J<rt3 I i | <$ wi w\ wK ^ot f%% vs vg'Wsrl ’Hi; croft ^ | s w**f, ^ 's croft ^fOT<OTi ^ e r% i ^ i L 306 J^fasTHT^TT I 0\ -> f%*T. *3 fnwfijqq: I ^rnT- ^WWI ^ftsfarPSlffi: II ^8 II *him -jffir^Tsr qiwtaqRqrqq i quq^ q^fa: fMW tTOW?f n ^*-1 o 3ST^V. | giiTt qqi^W^qRI 0 II rTT5WI wr Vtf<T qR tNtW, 'qqq^TT, TO? *ffc WZ%$- N> qm 'ftq:, ^wt qR?r #, <K ^n qtfq qi^?> ifqq #Izt, qfk qrt qtra q»^*r q^T, %fqjq qT^TTT^ 1 q^ ■ar^qw *ftfq # h ^<53 I qhcif % qlfq qq^T Ttm t, q^ twqq q*nq ^nqw q*k ^qq?T q^ qwtanrer% wr q^T> wmqT *ftfrr qnw, qtf q*tT qftq q^q 5^11 $ qq> qR I I wf ^ qfq q^xqq qrcf^qTfi mfw, ^t, ^tr qfk qnqiw t#T qjq qqq% qjsft qartt qtauft qNqqiqqT *tm *? » qtWTqqi q\fqqt qRiqiw 'rfaT ^ l i A TREATISE ON GEMS, 307 Translation 294. Those Pearls that are yellowish and cool, and which are possessed of a white lustre, are Vaisy- as ; lastly of Sudra Pearls, some are white and small while the rest are black and large. 295. Pearls which originate in bamboos, are clear as the moon ; and are like the Tcakkol * fruit in shape. They are generally enjoyable by the gods. Some through rare merit obtain possession of one or two. 296. There are five species of bamboos, on ac- count of the preponderance in them of one or other of the five elements ; consequently bamboo Pearls are classified under five distinct heads. 'statin sR;*fT 'Q <4 Tn ^srl r <^ i ^8 1 5 tiw i ^ i i ^ i A fragrant fruit, nfjnm^T i I C\ " xflriMt ^ ^PJT ^ I srT^rct ^ *z%'. ^«rr ll ^<l\q ii sttwt fwi *fi? t q#m: Vim *rm: I qrrat wirnwr anfa: ^rsfq 3T wi^tt ii n ^t^t qkrr ^ fr^j f%?n ■ **Wt ’ t* ^T^TT< 7 T TW?T=^q^t: II ^<c<c || eTCsrai | fqj* v ^Tffr^ ¥^tq?T f%wr «*n^i %, ^ ^t^- 5T^ ^Tft» ^fk ^TfaiT f%wr^rr^Tir\ ww ^iwjn ; fm^wfrid 'wtwt^t f?*RT ^tt^i t, ww wV^t sk?c£r zz vnm # q*k W^I, qffc $Tf?R ^TWqiT f%W*T «TIT^T T? » ^ W^V ^T^T q»fa %WSR 'WI^HST I ^£.'9 | fcr\ ^Tm^r f%^i *sn^i *?, ^rw 'uns^Ti, *t?t qfk wt^; virt vt^mm $Tffi 3fTkr *rafc^q^sf% fq^rfkfii ^q> | l TePriT^t qfecf qfar, *r^r% w, i^w qjfa *fhrew, gv)- qji^Tr 3 iW* % | i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 309 Translation. 297. Earthy Pearls are heavy and spotless ; energy-begotten Pearls are very light ; airy Pearls are exceedingly brittle and thick ; skyey Pearls are very soft and light. 298. Watery Pearls are cool and eminently white. All these kinds are superior ; and the wear- ing of them wards off disease. 299. Authorities in the matter of gems men- tion four kinds of shade as belonging to Pearls ; — • viz., the yellow, the honey-colored, the white and the blue shade. i ^8*1 mm Gift's cwdt <rt?M m i i ^ *2 #t«r ^ Ftftr- fkfr\ ^Iwl % tcisf 1 1 *RRTI C\ ^ sra^frrt =s$rt r^rt ii n f%<T5$RI ^f^^4kfaiRlR I <ffa^RT jz} 3Rsrefaw?t: n $•% ti ^ra* ^fT-pn: i OTtR *3^ fa^iknRT | W f^TR^ ^s^R rRT^R fefRq R I si 3PHT: OTTORr ^fmqiRRiRrr: II ^ I fRJSTOT I ^T *TRTgW ftRTRT RRT qTR*RT %; ’PR RRifafarg *ftfrr ff%^t t^RTRT, ^RR^fT ^ftf<T ^T3TRT oSTRT sfiRqRT % ssffc ^rhr RRRwr *nfa wr ^rrt i ^°° l \> NJ TJSR RRTW ^Ttfa ffHBR** ; TTTr?:^iTR% *raHii RT^rrgm *f*frr ^f%qw ; qto ^rrut *ftf<r tapR ^ihtp *ftfa *g*YK f^RT *RT t | ^ | » ^tT^, ^RT, f^RRl*, SRR» %KRT, ^^ffzacq ^TZJRrci v3 ^W aftf?R %I<TT I I ^ I A TREATISE ON GEMS. Tkanslati 300. The first brings on wealth ; the second fos- ters the understanding ; the next brings about fame ; and the last is the harbinger of good luck. 301. A Pearl with a white shade belongs to the Brahmin, with a pale-red shade to the Kshetriya, with a yellow shade to the Yaisya, and with a black shade to the Sudra order. Properties of Pearls. 302. A Pearl is named after the name of the quality which forms its distinctive feature ; and eight sorts emerge as the consequence of this clas- sification. wstiri I '£>°° i i -so i ^w\k m \ 's < 4 % '0‘i fw- 5rt=f i i 312 nfrwpsn i P*5WI A *■* *HJ ^¥tT fTf^TT^ II ^ II fa*hr I TpRTT w <T^Pt II ^»8 I *\m4 f%^g=3jH I ^w<t ^r^fj?r II k o[ i I 53 ^tir3T?Tstf%?i | *\fm4 t:*wTnr ii n fR5Wt i f%w ?ii^% ^5tt?t ^rnn fasfi%, *r=? ^?tr ; «fr *ftfw ^i^iTT, i ^ l *ft ^Tf?r *^Rfc ■rte, ^Jit 3iW l“, 3fT *ftf?T *TW «TT ’Sfa* fW*T V ^fk ^*ftfw *rkt sr ^?r% i ^°g I Wt **T*| f^urfafw % , %t ^fri% ^rm wr^rrfcfire ^tpt ^TUTTfafag, SWt VrT oft ^xfff ^ Thr, ^ S 3R> I ^®yi I W w*, ^tT* fiRTwf^far^r, tts? *rwf%% ^*tr ^r fltffr 7rw% *ftrer % i ^ i A TREATISE ON GEMS, Translation, 313 303. Those Pearls which throw out starry beams, are termed stitdra ; those which are entirely round, are called silvritta. 304. Those which are flawless, are called sach- chha (transparent) ; those in which dirt has no place, are called nirmala [dirtlessj ; those which are weighty, are termed ghana [dense]. 305. Those Pearls which are ray-darting like the moon, are called snigdha [cool] ; those which cast a fine shade, are denominated suchchhdya (finely shadowing) ; and finally those which are free from spots or breaks, are termed asfutita (not indented) . 306. Such Pearls as resemble in color the white glass as are furnished with an excellent bright- ness, and as are possessed of a shade like the rohita* fish, are fit ornaments for the gods. CT ^1 TOt* to TO1 to® ^TO, toPrt to ctoTO, i '®°'S i toto®, TOto f^T 'Q ?tTO1 "STO TOPfl ^ to¥l £fto I ^8 I '©ron to; (71 to (Tfto ^to toPfi topti ton top© TO TOto (tototo I * Cypnnus Rohita. j N N i C\ " ci^jTfli'^ wh qsqqiq qq^fq 1 ^»o i qqTtjrq^qfcqqfqrgqf f%7T ?¥t[‘ OTTOTO* I C\ -i qiWTJWmfq 1T^ qqftf^q fTT^qH qf^2T II ^cc; |j irq qqftfi&qi sfarorpnf ^fra I q <T^ ^Ttf^^5E|^T?r- qqtsfq fn: qqqfq q^p b ^®<* 11 qjf % q’tfqrqiqq ffT^frT I ^HWTfq %TT ^<qT qi^T fT-q qw B $%• II qpTCT I f*rq *q ^nfr^- WITT qife Sit t, q^ qq ^nrgnr qtfq qjT^rt qjq, qq?; qftq ^qrw ^afr qr^ffi %t, 4k *s*# qiq^rsr %iq l ^®o 1 qfr v\r < 1 vir\, qq^T, ftmfqfar^ *r^> qt~T, qqT^ 4k qifrqiqq %qjq qrk^T* q^qqmqW qn?FQ$*TOrT t, 4 *t ^ftfrr qq^ ^T=3®T % 1 I qt qtfa qqqq% qqqq •%, q^ qtffi qroq qjqqiqiT qq ^tqrqiq qq^qi^T f, 4k qq% qifqqm q*k f;w %t qfV qqm 1 ^°<e 1 qqr^q qtfq q^m I, 0q?r ^q s qqq qsf^T ^T^T qq^T qqfrl I | | A TREATISE ON GEMS. 315 Translation. 307. The wearing of such Pearls leads to longe- vity and wealth, and purges the wearer of every sin. 308. A Pearl which is heavy, lustrous, silvery, well-rounded, which is furnished with equal and minute openings and which is a delight not only to its owner but also to the observer, is the acme of perfection. 309. Those Pearls which are possessed of every valuable quality, shield their master from every evil, and suffer nothing harmful to come near him. 310. The house which contains a perfect Pearl, the ever-restless Laksmi* chooses to make her dwelling for ever and a day. qn ' SoC > 1 I ^jfws to, (? rt wfe C\. 3jxgr| TfSJTfft i i ^ fFsrTOf f^*5«Ti r^<ti i i ^rpr i (71 dlfs 5 <ffa*l * The goddess of wealth. ^ xpxrw ^ fsriT^T I vr rr xjwx^wnx ^«tw ^raH^t xrefjrl II II ^^WT-ft^: i ^TTt ^I*kx^far. TTHT^HfT^ TTRiVwr x£*r ^xx CTrernrrctat ^xfa il TgfflTO^t f*WT3ffi Tjf^xq-: ^T^Tfit xj xfrw: fw^t n %\ ^ CfX^WT xjftfai ^xsRT f w wttt srft, ^^x ^srt^, w ^rk t;xiRx ^nkxr, xTw *xx ^htvr^t ^if%ij; % tR^rxir wxx^x ^ftfa ’StT^T f>fT %, XR^rx^ Wf^IX ^T^TI ^ftfrX ^T'wlfTT^ ^rerjfc *3- w^T%t^r ^r *tt*tx xt=rt u^x^^tx wtfb xr^x txriT if I i ^f?^T I twxtt\^ xrf^xff ^ *ftfrf% ^inx^ix^ ^nhr ,^% %, ^xx^ ^T^-gcfiT?^ gx? ^?k wwx:3i xtstxx V, ^R*t 'stt^xt ^xx^x mqvt faxiTt % | ^ | fw^r *rff?re> f^xft f%wx ^rx’tr T'? ^nr^rx «**t ixf^x^r ^xt t* ijftorxir *ftf<T Wt%^ f^xft Ttfw t I ^ I A TREATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 311. The consideration of origin is trivial in regard to Pearls ; not so the consideration of form and other qualities: no source but it produces good and bad Pearls. Defects of Pearl. 312. The authorities mention ten kinds of de- fects as belonging to Pearls ; of which four are principal, the rest being of a less essential character. I will treat of these now. 313. If any part of an oyster remains fast at- tached to a Pearl, the defect is called sukti-lagna- dosha ;* and brings on leprosy. Wft cro wn to, cn ti ^1 ^r, w to wr to*! w i w i c?fo \ w*i% cTOi TOtfrofa wi fro*t ^1 i ^ i C^Ft=T **rtfTOr Offa TO, * Literally, the defect incident to the fact of an oyster fragment being attached. C\ " gfawtwggiTOt ?agg g^nfri f g: l gfare: g g ftw: ^TTr 11 ^ 8 II ftfWW gg^R wsx fif^lm: I ^Tft^TSR^ WT^ W^T II II g^TW ^^^T^frlTW | g%g g^nftg wrggfqg giw ware: II gq*|qf?: ffT^fsrl gggt gw I fw^Tf WTW W#^f II ^\9 II cI^SIITT I aftfgg wwfgi ggig wt fggrg wwt gfaT^ wgw 3>^g §' ; ^hx W¥ Wfgg %^W WTW gi^WWTgT t I ^ 8 I gtfgg ftfrr ’gfa ^tt^tt gT ^g^rt wjt ’ggg 5R^g %, ^rsx wrgq^n; g*tfg q 5 ? ?;gg wrgfg gwfgfg Ttfg 5 f\ tw *rtfg Tf>gT g^Tfgw gf?* i i gtfgg gang ^rtwt fg%ggwt wfg?;m wrirg grsg l“> wrfg^ wrg«ft wtfg^t q%?;gg wgc w<g >3 Ttg i l gtfgg wt gs'C'g. ggig fgg twt wtg, fwi-Tj wgg g»wg #, fwgg ftwwm wtfg gra *f\xm 4 i ^\a i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 319 Translation 314. On certain Pearls, there are marks like the eye of a fish and these are hence called mindksha. * Pearls possessed of this defect bring about loss of sons. 315. When a Pearl is without lustre and shade, it is said to have the jathara defect. Such Pearls lead to poverty, and should not therefore be worn by any person. 316. When a Pearl has a shade like coral, the defect is called atirikta ; this is inevitably fatal to the wearer. 317. The three bracelet-like streaks which are sometimes met with in Pearls side by side, are termed trivrita. They are destructive of good for- tune. | i «^8i ?t1% 'Q itn ^ri ^g*i wft «rir«i <f<tI m ^ i v'.a i | d'S'CHW Wl TlH, ^1 WW 4 ! ^fllTT ^ i i (71 fWl>t ^T^T<rtWt<T (71*11 ^s*l <?ftWr *rt*f ’¥ u $ i 'S^ c i i 'ST^Wf I * Literally, the eye of a fish. JR 1 ?!?? I C\ **»■ ^Trf q^ fqfaz qfaq^q fqqqqq q^rq^fqqq^T g ^\i fq*W <5r^*rn?rr7r ^V«nnr^r«T^ l ^rTT^f uW q^Tfqtqqqrrcqi n ^<$ II fqqjqqqirft ^lf l q?\q q^W f%^* fqq^rq'tqqiT f? qqjl ^T¥tT Th^qrT ^^frT^TTcfi | qpTqU ^T q\f?T qfa qff, fafaz qr?q ?*, fgftz qtfq qt^^'f^T ’qqs? qrqfq q^rpft ^Tfqq Ttq i^c| qft qtfq fqq>w qqqq qiq <qqr, qrg- q*qq% qtfq q%^qq q^qrar qnr vta wt qtfq qqrT, qra qrsq V, qrw ^qqqr qtfq q%*q% qff ^Tq i ^<« l iiT qtfq zz wiq, ^qqft qnuqpg q’fq ■s', qtf?r q^q x qrmq qrTqqiTqVfq q%*qq qTT^frfft ^Tqq.q ^nfq t i^®i «iV q\fq ^q$q q>q qfV, qiqiqqT^ fq*n^- ^T % ^fq^iq q^T^qi, twq^ qfV q^q N q qT *rtfq qq aqqifr ^Iqqqrr qiw qiTqqTqT, Tqqiqq qqqr ^Tqq 5 !' q$rq^ q»q ^>qT t I ^ I rz**- A TEEATISE ON GEMS. 321 S Translation. 318. That Pearl which is not perfectly circular, is called o'ipita. It brings its wearer to disgrace. 319. The Pearl which tends to he triangular, is called trasra. A trasra Pearl is inimical to good fortune. A large-sized Pearl is called Krisha. This Pearl is reputed to be fatal to knowledge. 320. A Pearl with a broken side is called Krishct- pdrswa, and brings on inactivity. It is a pest ! which should be carefully avoided. 321. A Pearl which is not faultlessly round, which is productive of a variety of diseases, which is not agreeable to look at, which is in short utterly void of any valuable quality, is destructive of every sort of wealth ; its price is very small. i ^rbr i (71 ^1 CTOTtTO TO, TO, TOrc*i TO TO TOtfiTOR ^ I I (71 *£0*1 faiCTOtTO, TOfa TO (2TP2S, *£ 0*1 CTVTORt'TO, (71 TOl ftftTO, f*t TO, f*r *£0*1 TOtis TO wro TOmi tow i i TOtl CTO TO TO TOTO^ TOTOf' Wi TO, TO^*t to 1 R^TOrTO <4^. nsTOc s I toi <4TOt(7t *ffrol TO I 'TO I ( 7 T *£ff1 cTOrtTO TO, TO1 cTO- ?Hpr, (TtfTO to%i TO, TOTO, <tt| *£0*1 TOf%froTO, TOTO ^tog | TOto TOP I ^ l 322 J?fj*WT*TT I C\ ^ qft^T <TW q^eStf ^erurT^rfinFT?: || II 5T^r »rqfrr l ^ ^rerenr w% f^rarf rr^WT^qwir II k'R ^ II qT^: JTmwre -gi^^rqTf^?} | w" 5^r%qwT?Tq sftfem^q^liw ii ii «jt[ ^T^lffl 3 <T^fcnf i qrfwq wwtfr n ^y. ii cTCSTOT I sitfir «T^T«7T ^tr, Tte, *rqq ^R 'stq^T qf*Sp?l3> ^TTT qf^T q>T«TT t I I f%*rt *rtf?rw qq> rft ^ vjft TIrT TPC* <nfnw faaiT- ^ *^«TT ^Tffq I | t*aqrc qfte m%i irqiT T^^rr i 5^8 i TftfK^ ^TTW sftfff WTKTq «TT 'ftqiT q;R> TRT> q^T^T^T wtfa H^TT zz qrTtTTi i i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 323 Translation. 322. Whether a Pearl be real or false, ■whenever doubts arise concerning its genuineness, the author- ities should be resorted to. 323. When doubts are entertained as to the genuineness of a Pearl, it should be placed in salt water for one night. 324-25. The nest day, put it on a piece of dry cloth, and mixing it with a quantity of paddy, rub it with the hand, when if the Pearl is real, it will attain greater brightness, while if it is false, it will be broken to pieces. l SR-rfatW *tf^ Tfal <F3l WIT I I cW ff^ 5 * tf®nrl <?rt ^ ?rtf3r ^ ^ ^tf^r i '3*® i ^ <rr%i Wll^TIW 'rfkv wi I I <ii^^ «2tf3F?ri wtn w\ *n ^ ^^«TT «tt3 '» < V *Mt«. ^ *rt ^ i ^ |I§i ■ t I ) <\ " } \ fgq?T I ^grr arfgssn ^Tf^r w qVqr qRT^?q II ^ II #t%^w ^ftssr ¥^ ; ¥^ : I | ^f=nr q'swrfq^taq II ^'Q ii TOr I I rr^TTrr q^ ?I1 <T?I^ I I -Jrl-frfTt TT^f% fTf^%7F j TT^rftsfr qw 'srfafWiN O I TTf rfrrV ^ ^TT^ft%?R fs^T^r^^W^Tfirl^W I fqqqs' f qrftf fair ii ^<l II I ' — — | crrsurr i ; i ^qrfqqrTsrqT *rqqi Jr^q q^hw ^rtf<T5fiV ) ^ s TW^iT ^TITOT W^T 7R*T qiW =f>TT, <3^ fTrl^ ^ZTqR fw^% ZZ qnqiTT, qfa WIST *Jtfq T^T I ^ | ^ns I | | qfw qwM qzt tr?? q^i ^*Hr- Tftfwt ^FTTTR^ *ihrt 7R?? oRT^TT ^T, WT^ ^srifi $q> Wq, j 3T ^TTR T?Tf%^ q?T%W ^TT%% qT^T^T 'TfaT, WT^ j qnq^f t f%^n *fan, ^it^r *ftfq j q^-?T RT^R mzfjix ^T I *ftfNt RRR ^Srqiqn^fft q^qq q^r^qiTqRft Ttfq i^cq^£.i *cfq jqtfW qqw i 1 A TREATISE ON GEMS. 325 Translation. 326-27. This is another way : — Cast a Pearl in cow’s urine mixed with salt ; then gently heat it in fire ; lastly placing it in a small quantity of chaff, rub it with the hand. By this process, a false Pearl will be reduced to fragments, while a real one will shine with greater light. 328-29. Enclose a Pearl in one of the hot lungs of a fish; then gently heating it in fire, boil it successively in pure milk, wine and water ; next rub it with a piece of cloth, when it will look fresh and fair. A Pearl can be perforated after it has been boiled in lime juice. ^ A3 <Ff%Ts WS I^BTl 3»Po «£rs ^ ^ W ^A3 W ^<ri A ^ I ?TC7T f*Tf fe ^<rl *ttc?r i i I I I I ss ^f% i 326 THE PEARL Its Properties, THE PEARL. P HOUGH the Pearl cannot properly come under the province of precious stones, on account of its being animal product, it is held in great esteem hy the jewellers and all lovers of gems. This beautiful gem is formed in the shells of oysters and mussels and is composed entirely of carbonate of lime and organic matter. It possesses a lustre peculiar to itself and called by its own name, pearly. It calcines by being exposed to heat and is easily affected hy acid and fetid gases. The specific gravity is from 2‘ 5 to 2 - 7. It is found of various shapes and colors and receives certain names ac- cording to its size and form. Those of extraordinary size are called Paragon Pearls ; when of the size of the cherry, cherry Pearls ; small, piece Pearls ; smaller, seed Pearls ; smallest, dust Pearls. Those of a long and oval form, pear Pearls ; while the deformed ones are known as “ baroques” Pearls. The Romans called the large ball-shaped Pearls, “ Uniones” ; the pea-shaped, “ Elenchi” ; the half hall-shaped, “ Tympania and those possessed of the most beautiful color, “ Exaluminatse Marga- rita}.” The Saxon word Pearl signifies a gem or white speck. The oriental Pearls are seldom found of any other color than white and yellow, and are generally of a round or button form, while the A TREATISE ON GEMS. 327 American, better known as the Panama, Pearls, are generally blackish or brownish and mostly long and drop-shaped. Original formation of Pearls. The ancient authorities had started several cu- rious theories as to the presence of Pearls within the oysters. According to Athenseus, the Pearls were found in the flesh of oysters, just as the measles (tubercles), in the pork. Pliny and Diascorides supposed that the Pearls were the tears of fallen angels, or dew-drops from heaven, taken in by the oysters, which opened at certain seasons to receive them ; the size and quality varying according to the size and purity of the dew imbibed. Cloudy weather spoilt the colour, lightning stopped the growth and thunder made the shell-fish miscarry altogether. Valentine said thatthev were the eggs of female oysters, while Samuel Dale held, that they were a sort of calculus produced by hurt received. This last theory suggested to Linnaeus the idea of creating the disease in the fresh water mussel of Sweden, and thus of manufacturing artificial Pearls. Artificial Pearl-oyster-beds were established in several rivers but the process by which the Pearls were formed was kept a secret. It was, however, ascertained that small holes were drilled in the shells of the living oysters into which some foreign matters were put. But the Pearls which were produced by this means were so small and the labor and cost incurred, comparatively so great. 328 THE PEARL. that this ingenious invention was soon given up. In India a somewhat similar way of producing Pearls existed. Some of the shells of the large Pearl oysters have been found with brass wires in- serted throughout their whole length, and the cavi- ties in the interior proved that Pearls had been pro- duced in consequence. The Chinese have succeed- ed in introducing within the living fish minute Pearl beads, strung on a string, or miniature idols of brass or stone, and in the course of a year these are found so completely covered with a pearly coating as to resemble true Pearls of fantastic figures. A few specimens of these are in the posses- ion of W. J. Ingram Esq., M. p. Pearls are looked upon, according to the most generally received opinion, as concretions arising from the super- abundance of calcerous matter destined to form the shell, and in confirmation of this, it has been observed that the oyster is of the same brilliancy as the mother-o’-pearl that forms the inner coat of the shell. If a Pearl is cut, it will be found to be composed of a succession of laminae like the onion and presents the same appearance in its substance as the shell. "With the help of the microscope we fin d that the shells of all the oysters that produce Pearls have three layers. The outside layer, i. <?., the outer skin, consists of thin scales or leaves, having no regular form : the second one, is composed of numerous small horny cells, (filled with a calcerous mass) in which the various pigments that give to A TKEATISE ON GEMS. 329 the shell such beautiful colors are deposited ; the \ \ third and inner layer has a more foliated form and I an uniform foundation, which looks like fine folds t on the outside, and which produces, when the light shines upon it, the peculiar motlier-o’-peari lustre, that adds so much to the beauty of many shells. It is the soft and tender unevenness of its surface and not its material (which is nothing but lime) that j gives the exquisite sheen to the mother-o’-pearl. > Several naturalists account for the formation of \ \ Pearls, in the attempts made by the animal to get rid of some substance which has entered into its shell, ; by covering it with a deposit similar to the interior of the oyster-shell — -commonly known as the mother- j o’-pearl. In some cases, a Pearl has been found, by bisecting, to consist of a series of layers or skins round a speck of some darker substance : in others, \ the middle of the Pearl has been found hollow and of \ appears perfectly solid and of the same colour, tex- ture and formation all through. The beautiful po- lish and consequent brilliance of a fine Pearl is the for a long time. In most cases, the polish exists on the outer skin only, the inner layers being found hard exterior has been found to contain a fine and lovely kernel. The Pearls are situated either in \ the body of the oyster or loose between it and the shell, or lastly they are fixed to the latter by a kind a globular or spherical form ; while in some others, it result of the friction of the soft body of the oyster dull as a fish’s eye. In other cases, a Pearl of a p p 330 THE PEARL. of neck. Sometimes the Pearl is a sort of wart, hollow inside, and is then called coq-de-perle and fetches but little value. It is said that Pearls take four years for their formation. There are two kinds of Pearls. The one highly valued is called the Margarita* (the sea Pearl oyster) or by its full name, “ Meleagrina Marg aritifera lamarcJc ,” Avhich is a large oyster of 7 or 8 inches in diameter, with very thick shells, rather flat, and of a greenish black exterior ; whilst the inside is of a very white colour, reflecting various hues and is known as the mother-o’-pearl. The other kind is called the Unio Margarita (River Pearl oyster). A kind of Pearl called the phantasy Pearl has sometimes been found in the market. These are Pearl-substances which are taken out of the shells, consisting partly of mother-o’-pearl and partly of a pearly substance. A curious circumstance in connection with one of these pieces is mentioned by Barbot. “ A French Pearl merchant, in Mexico, bought one of these pieces of a fisherman for a small sum of money, in- order to learn something of them. He was not a little surprised, on cutting it in half, to find a per- fect, round Pearl inside, of purest water and bril- liant lustre, weighing 14| carats and which he sold sometime after in Paris for 5000 francs — about half of its value.” Now-a-days, Pearls are fre- * The term Margarita is probably the Greek form of “ Mukta,” the Sanskrit name for Pearl, and not, as erroneously supposed by some writers, of “ Marakata” which, in Sanskrit, means the Emerald. A TREATISE ON GEMS. 331 ^ quently peeled and have been found to contain a finer Pearl underneath. Where found : 2P earl fisheries. Pearls were a mercantile commodity with the Phoenicians and Babylonians. According to the author of the Periplus, Pearls were fished near Ma- naar, between Ceylon and India. Ceylon, the Taprobane of the ancients, also produced Pearls. According to Arrien, Hercules visited all the In- dian ocean and found a Pearl with which he adorned his daughter Pandea. The story of this fishery is also mentioned by the companions of Alexander, when he came to India, and it is therefore clear that it existed prior to this time. There were some other Pearl fisheries also known to the ancients, in the Red Sea and the Coromandel Coast. Those in the Red Sea were at that time considered very im- portant, and were distinguished by the title “ Ex- aluminatse,” i. e. clear as globules of alum. Un- der the Ptolemies and latterly under the Egyptian Caliphs, several merchants settled on the coasts and by following the Pearl-trade became considerably rich. Pearls were also fished up in the Mediterra- nean. The chief Pearl fisheries in the modern times are on the west coast of Ceylon, in the Bay of Ma- naar, in the Persian Gulf, in the Red Sea, in the Bosphorus, in the Sooloo Islands (near Borneo,) in Japan, Java, and Sumatra ; near the island of Pa- pua or New Guinea ; in America, (both on the 'y#wv. I i,i:. Pacific and Atlantic coasts) ; and latterly, in Aus- tralia and the Fiji Islands. Some Pearls are also obtained in Prance, Scotland and Ireland ; from the Hz in Bavaria, the Battava in Bohemia and the Elster in Saxony; in Sweden; in the North of Russia and in Finland. The Pearl fishery in Ceylon, which is one of the most productive ones, now belongs to the Colonial Government and is conducted by it. The Portu- guese were the first Europeans who obtained firm footing in Ceylon (1506.) It was stipulated with the then ruler of the Island that he should pay them an annual tribute in the shape of spices and Pearls. The Portuguese fattened on this tribute for a long time till the Dutch obtained supremacy and seized upon the fishery (1640.) TJnder them, the natives were allowed every three years twenty alternate days to fish for themselves and every other day was for the Government ; after which the produce was sold to the highest bidders. From 1760 to 1796, the fishery at the bank at Manaar was stopped by the Rajah in consequence of a dis- pute with the Dutch. When the English obtained possession of Ceylon, they had the benefit of the accumulation, which, when sold in 1798, fetched 14,00,000 Rs. clear. This profit might be realized if the fishing was confined to 20 days, every seven years. The fishing season is generally in March and April when the sea is calm and unruffled. Before the commencement of work, the banks are carefully tested by experienced divers. A fleet of boats, sometimes consisting of 150, are sent out— each containing ten rowers and ten divers, besides a steer- .man and several “pilled harms,” or shark-char- mers, whose duty is to keep off sharks, by incanta- tions. The latter people are indispensible in a fish- ing excursion, as without them no diver would agree to descend, and the Government is conse- quently obliged to keep them on regular pay. Other conjurors remain on the sea-shore, repeating their prayers until the return of the fleet. The divers go down into the sea, five at a time, the other five remaining on the boat till the first batch come up to refresh themselves for another plunge. These people (Roman Catholics and mostly Hindus) who principally come from the Colang, on the Malabar Coast, get, in some cases, fixed wages but general- ly, by mutual consent, they keep J of the produce to themselves and give f- to their employers. As a preparation, they abstain from food and drink (except, occasionally, toddy) and rub their bodies over with oil, stuff cotton into their ears, compress their nostrils by means of an instrument made of horn, and bind over their mouths a sponge soaked in oil, which serves as a temporary proof against water. Then they sling a rope round their body and generally hang a heavy stone on their feet to hasten their descent. Some use a crescent-shaped stone which they fasten round their waist, in order to keep the action of the feet free ; for some of these people use tlie toes as nimbly in picking up the smallest things as any other could, with their fin- gers. These stones generally weigh 20 to 25 lbs each. With all these preliminaries, which are also attended with prayers and incantations, the divers go down, each seizing a rope with the right hand, and soon reach the bottom. By means of a sharp knife they loosen from the bank and collect as many oysters as they can and put them into bags, with which each of them is provided on his back. The time they can usually remain under water is from one to two minutes and the gain in that time is from 50 to 80 oysters. Some have been known to remain from 4 to 6 minutes. If any accidents happen while under water, either in the shape of loss of strength or the approach of a shark, they give a sign with their rope and are pulled up at once. Some of the divers are provided with a charm or amulet which they keep on their persons, wrapped in oil-cloth, while they go down. The Homan Catholic divers would not commence business until they get an assurance of their safety, from their own clergymen, and also seem to have firm faith in the ability of the conjurors in keeping the sharks away.* Continuous submersion into water tell fearfully on # In a paper published in the Transactions of the Koyal Asiatic Society, Captain Stewart says that he insisted upon a shark-charmer to make a shark appear alongside of the vessel in which he (the Captain) was ; but he declined to do so, saying that his business was to keep them away but affirmed positively his ability to do whatever he liked with them. “ During the few days,” to quote Captain Stewart, “ that we were employed marking off the ground to be fished, a shark was seen and reported to me. I instantly sent for the shark-charmer to 334 THE PEARL. ^ A TREATISE ON GEMS. the constitution of the divers, many of whom, on coming out, bleed at the mouth and nose. The strongest of them can work only for a few years. These people can make 40 to 50 descents in a day. The adoption of the diving bell in the present times has made diving less dangerous, but unfortu- nately it is too dear to be of general use. With this a single diver can collect one to four thousand oysters in one season. On the return of the boats, they are unloaded and the oysters left, in closed pits or in closed vessels, to get foul, whereby most of them open of themselves. After this the Pearls are washed from the decayed oysters, in troughs, with, salt water. Those shells that do not open of themselves are thrown on one side and made over to the clippers whose duty is to disengage them from the Pearls by means of a forceps and hammer. The part which sticks to the oyster has to be polished by means of a powder made of the Pearls themselves. The roundest and best of these Pearls are rendered fit to be strung with other Pearls, and some of them are used for setting in rings and brooches. The refuse is mixed with the sand Pearl and sold to make chunam (lime) for the consumption of certain Chinese grandees. The oysters are, however, generally sold without being opened, in much the same form as a lottery, the appear before me and desired him to account for permitting a shark to appear before me at a time when alarm might have a serious influence on the success of the fishery. He replied that I had frequently re- quested him to summon a shark to appear and he had therefore allowed this one the liberty, to please me.” ~ ir i 335 profit of the purchaser depending on chance ; for some oysters may contain Pearls worth 2000 or 3000 rupees each, while many may contain nothing at all. At certain times, the Pearl oysters are seen floating about on the sea, as minute in shape as the spawn of fish. These are carried by the currents, around the coasts of Ceylon, where, owing to their increased size and weight, they sink and form the beds. The best Pearls are generally taken from the most fleshy part of the oyster near the hinge of the shell, but they are also to be found in all other parts of the oyster, and especially sticking to the shell. Each oyster is supposed to contain one or more Pearls, or in some cases, none at all. Some- times an oyster is found to contain over a hundred Pearls of different sizes, known as the seed Pearls. The Ceylon Government derive a considerably large income from the fishery and take particular care of it. The beds having become exhausted, the fishery has been discontinued for some years. Megasthenes, an officer of Seleucus, King of Syria, gives to the Western nations, the first account of Pearls found in the Persian Gulf. The Portuguse held mastery over the fisheries of this place during the sixteenth century ; after which the native princes have regained possession of them. June to Sep- tember is the best time for fishing, which is allowed freely, barring a small duty paid to the Sheik of the harbour. The sword fishes are great obstacles in fishing here. The sum annually realized by sale A TREATISE ON GEMS. 337 comes from 30 to 35 lacs. The Pearls found here | are much inferior to those of Ceylon and are com- \ mercially known as the Bombay Pearls — Bombay being the place to which they are chiefly sent. The Red Sea fisheries are not so flourishing as j still to be found in the Island of Dhalak, opposite > Massowa, on the Abyssinian Coast. The fishery, j which is carried on by the Negroes, generally takes j 1 place from December to April ; the average gain j I being one Pearl from five oysters. The produce of the fisheries of the Sooloo islands j and of Japan, Java, &c., generally goes to China. The first Spaniards who landed in America, after j > its discovery, saw the aboriginal nations decorated j with necklaces and bracelets of Pearls. New Cadix, in the little island of Cubagna, was the first place that rose to affluence, owing to the Pearl trade, s The next fishery in importance was that of the j | Island of Santa Margarita or the Isle of Pearls, \ | about three miles from Cubagna. The Pearls ; I produced in this place were in size and beauty far j superior to those of the other deposits. Tavernier j j had one of these Pearls, which weighed 55 carats \ and which was of a beautiful pea-shape and fine \ “ orient.” The third fishery was at Camogote, j near the main-land. The fourth was in the River La Ilaclia, along the same coast. The fifth and I last was at Santa Marta, about 180 miles from j | the River La Hacha. The last three fisheries | they used to be in former days. Good Pearls are produced large Pearls, but they were mostly badly- shaped and had a leaden hue. Now-a-days, the fisheries in the Gulf of Panama and in California supply the best American Pearls. Pearls in the coast of New Jersey were discovered by a farmer, who, when fishing for oysters, came across one which contained a very large Pearl. The rivers in Scotland produce many Pearls but they are generally small and deformed and liable to become black by wear. A large number of rose- tinted Pearls, much esteemed by the Parisian nobility, has been found here. These together with those found in Ireland are generally called Scotch or Brock Pearls ; are possessed of a dull hue and are used for brooches and ornaments, strung with horse-hair or mother-o’ -pearl, previously formed into the pattern designed. The River Moldava in Bohemia annually pro- duces from 300 to 400 Pearls, of the purest orient and of very good shape, besides several hundred deformed ones. The greatest portion of the banks are in the possession of the house of Schwartzenburg. Besides the Moldava, Pearls are also found in an- other small river called the Wattava. The oysters are not fished up from the river-beds but are picked up from the banks where they are thrown by the overflowing of this river. The fishery of the Ilz yielded at one time a large income to the Bavarian Government, but owing to A TREATISE ON GEMS. 339 « bad management, it has now become almost entirely exhausted. The operation of boring, better conducted in India than elsewhere, must be performed slowly, parti- cular care being taken that the Pearl does not break in halves. The Pearl should be held between drill, with a bow and string. Unbored Pearls are called “ virgins,” and in Persian, by the generic name, “Merwerid,” and those that have suffered from wear, “ widows,” and in the Persian, “ Lulu.’* In order to perforate the Pearls, which they intend to string, the Arabs take a piece of wood of a porous nature on the flat surface of which they make small spherical holes with a knife ; into these holes they put the Pearls so that only a portion of each Pearl goes into the opening, and then the whole is placed in a little water. The Pearl being thus held tight hy the wood which swells, a small iron drill, which is turned by means of a wheel, cuts the hole. The j Pearl is then loosened and taken out by letting the wood dry. The cleaning, rounding, polishing and, j sometimes, the drilling and stringing are performed j by skilful Negro workmen. Pearls are polished S and rounded (as found in the market) by means of their own dust ; the portion taken from one Pearl in the process of cleaning it, serving to round and polish another. If worn next to skin, Pearls are Mode of Boring and Polishing. two pieces of wood and drilled with a very fine ■I v ■ X'.:';; • ■ - I liable to lose their lustre. Eedi who tried the ex- periment of restoring their original orient by making pigeons swallow them, found out that, after remain- ing in the stomach* for twenty hours, they have diminished in weight by one-third. Pearls also get discoloured by contact with acids, gases, foul weather and noxious vapours. The simplest and best remedy would be to wipe them, after being worn, with a clean linen and to keep them carefully cover- ed with it, in a closed box. Pearls kept in dry, com- mon magnesia, instead of the cotton wool generally used in jewel-cases, are according to some, never known to lose their brilliancy. Pearls, unlike precious stones, crumble into dust and lose their beauty in course of time. When the tomb in which the daughters of Stilicho were buried with all their ornaments, was opened, after a lapse of 1118 years, all the riches that had been put in were found in good condition except the Pearls, which had become so soft, that they crumbled into fragments when p ressed between the thumb and the fingers. Pearls as known to the Ancients. The beauty of the Pearl being entirely due to nature and being utterly incapable of improvement from art, it has, from the earliest ages, held the * A similar practice still obtains in India among the Maliomedan Pearl merchants who are in the habit of purchasing blackish Pearls at cheap price and making pigeons swallow them. These are afterwards taken out of the stomach by ripping it open, but the whitish lustre thus obtained lasts for a short time — just enough for them to be sold to advantage. A TREATISE ON GEMS. 341 highest place amongst precious gems. The mytho- j logy of the Hindus ascribe the discovery or crea- tion of Pearl to Vishnu and makes frequent men- tion of the gods and goddesses and of heroes as b eing adorned with it. It was held in great esteem by the ancient Persians, Egyptians, Babylonians, Medes, and other oriental nations of antiquity. | The Persian nobles used to wear in the right ear a golden ear-ring containing Pearls. The Ethiopian and Egyptian princes and nobles pro- fusely used this gem. It is said that, according to an ancient law in India, any one w r ho spoilt the Pearl and precious stones in boring, should not only [ make good the mischief but pay a fine of 250 panas, (a pana being, at the present time, equivalent to one- sixteenth of a Rupee). It was also a great favorite with the ancient Chinese. 2300 years before the birth of Christ, Pearls were known to have been paid as tributes. When Pompey conquered Mithridates, he found in his treasury, besides several crowns of Pearls, one portrait of that king consisting of Pearls ; in mosaic. In his third conquest over the Asiatic ■ princes (61 B. C.), Pompey took away a large number of jewels, 33 crowns of Pearls and the por- I trait of his own wrought in the same material. Erom this period, the taste for Pearls rose so extra- vagantly high in Home as to bring down censure from the philosophers and authors of the time. Pliny says that it was the Homans only who gave to drop Pearls the name of “Unio,” on account of the s difficulty that then existed in obtaining matches for those white round and brilliant things. Caligula wore slippers made out of Pearls, while his wife Lollia Paulina used, in her parure, Pearls to the value of 70,00,000 francs. Nero presented them in large numbers to his courtiers and adorned with them the sceptres and masks for his theatre as well as his couches. Julius Caesar presented to Servilla, the mother of Marcus Brutus, a magnificent Pearl (received from Egypt as booty,) the value of which was then estimated at 990,000 francs. The Romans used to decorate their temples and dwelling- houses with Pearls and the ladies used to hire them for personal use on festive occasions, if they had not a sufficient number of them in their possession. Clodius, the son of iEsop, the celebrated tragic actor, is reported to have swallowed, in a banquet, water in which Pearls were dissolved and, relishing the flavour very much, generously provided each of his guests with the same costly drink. Latterly on, Cleopatra laid a wager with Antony (who is well reputed for his extravagance) that she would spend 10 lacs of our money, upon a single dinner, and claimed victory when she had taken out of one of her ear-rings, one of the finest Pearls in the world, dissolved it in a cup of the strongest vinegar, and sipped the contents off. She was about to do the same with the other, when L. Plancus, the appoin- ted umpire, snatched it off her hands, and declared Antony’s defeat. After the death of Cleopatra and A TREATISE ON GEMS. 343 the conquest of Egypt, this Pearl fell into the hands of the Emperor Augustus of Kome, who had it cut into two pieces and made into two ear-rings of the statue of Yenus, in the Pantheon. A similar piece of folly was committed, in the modern times, by the princely English merchant Sir Thomas Gresham. The Spanish Ambassador at the court of Queen Eli- zabeth, had, before the Queen, been boasting of the revenue and riches of his master and of the noble- men of his country, when Sir Thomas, who was pre- sent, told him that his Sovereign had subjects who could spend on one meal, the whole of a day’s reve- nue of the Spanish King together with that of all his grandees ; and this he was prepared to show any day, on a wager. The Ambassador called on the merchant one day, without previous engagement, and dined with him, but finding only an ordinary meal, told him, “ you have lost your wager.” “ Not at all,” replied Sir Thomas, and, immediately pulled out from his pocket a box from which he took out one of the finest oriental Pearls, (for which he had often refused 15,000 £) and, after showing it to the Ambas- sador, ground it and drank the powder in a glass of wine, to the health of his Queen. It is said that one of the things which had excited the cupidity of Julius Ctesar in conquering Britain, was the somewhat ex- aggerated accounts he had heard of the Pearl fisheries that existed in or about the country. He is known to have been a great connoisseur in jewelry, and could tell the specific weight and value of a Pearl THE PEARL. <mr~~ <r* 344 by simply taking it in liis hands. The Roman \ ladies wore Pearls fastened to their finger-rings, and sometimes in their ears in clusters of two or three, which went by the name of “ Crotalia” (rattles), on account of the rattling sound made by their clashing against each other. Mahomed Ben Mansur placed 1 the Pearl on the top of the list, while the Romans placed it second, after the Diamond, to which they gave superiority, on account of its talismanic virtues and not, evidently, for beauty. ; Tiie price of Pearls depends upon their form, texture (technically called “ skin”), transparency (water) and lustre. It also depends upon national tastes for colour. In Europe, the white specimens, (and sometimes those with the bluish tinge), are most valued. To the Eui'opeans, a 'perfect Pearl should be perfectly round or drop-shaped, seeming as if fashioned or turned into shape ; should have a perfectly white colour ; should be transparent in a slight degree ; should be free from flaws or ble- mishes, and should have the lustre peculiar to this gem. The Indians, Arabians and the Chinese pre- fer those with the yellow tinge, which have this advantage over the white ones that they do not lose their lustre and tint by wear. To fix a stan- dard price for the Pearls would only tend to mislead the buyer, for, like the Diamond, their value greatly Price of Pearls ; Imitations. A TREATISE ON GEMS. 345 depends upon their shape. For example, a one- carat Pearl maybe worth from 24/ to 40/ ; two-carat ones, if fine, from £6 to £8 ; and the value of the large and fine Pearls ranges from £2 per grain, up- wards. It is easy to examine a single round or drop-shaped Pearl by itself, but not so, if they are strung in a row as in a necklace ; for it becomes difficult to find out from the group the particular color of an individual stone, — the Pearl-stringer arranges them so ingeniously, with reference to gradation of color, that the tints, imperceptively blending with each other, make all appear to be of one hue. The yellow tint in the Pearl is said to be due to the decomposition of oysters which are sometimes left to open of themselves. The heat at the Straits of Manaar being greater and consequently the oysters naturally opening 5 or 6 days sooner than in the Isle of Bahrein (in the Persian gulf), the number of yellow Pearls found there is comparatively smal- ler than those that come from the latter place. Goa was the principal mart in which the Pearls were sold. The American Pearls, commercially called the “Panama Pearls,” though appearing whitish (rather quick-silverish) at first sight, have almost invariably a sort of blackness under the skin. Like similar Pearls found in the Pacific and in "Western Australia, these are sometimes worth from £1 to £10 per grain. Inferior coloured Pearls are often dyed black (with Hematite, and imported iron ore) or russet-brown, but the want of the true R R pearly tint and lustre can be detected by even tbe most inexperienced. The black or bad-coloured Pearls are sold for good price, if they are of good colour and shape. Some people like the lead or plumbago tint, others, the shining greenish black. These would sell for 35/ to £6 per grain. The pink coloured Pearls are generally found in America and the West India Islands and are valued, ac- cording to their shape, quality and size, at £5 to £6 per grain. These are seldom found of regular shape, and when bad or deformed look somewhat like decayed teeth. Although called “ pink,” these are found of different colors, ranging from red to pale yellow, and frequently of a dull white, like a polished fish’s eye. The grey Pearls being unfit for use in jewelry are not of much value. The specimen known as La Perle Itosei ranks the same with the clear white rose but the irregularity of its shape prevents its being used for personal orna- ments. The pale pink Coral is sometimes cut and shaped like a Perle Rosei and offered for sale as a real Pearl, but an experienced eye would not take the glistening of the cellular structure of the Coral for the peculiar sheen of the Pearl. Jewellers sometimes make very large Pearls by applying, one on the other, two of the hemispherical rounded tubercles taken from the interior of a Pearl shell. The paste-makers of ancient times, notwithstand- ing their wonderful skill, did not think, or had not the ability, of counterfeiting Pearls. In 1680, one A TREATISE ON GEMS. Jacquire, a rosary-maker of Paris, observing the \ pearly lustre of the scales of tbe small river-fish \ called the bleak, struck upon tbe idea of filling therewith hollow glass spherules prepared with a glutinous fluid. The manufacture has flourished j since that period, the Parisian jewellers exporting j four lacs of Pv,upees worth of these counterfeit Pearls. Although some of the false Pearls are | made solid and of fish-scales, and do not break \ easily, yet they are generally brittle and much lighter in weight than the real ones. Then again, the holes in the real Pearls are drilled very small j and have a sharp edge, whereas in the spurious ones, they are larger and have a blunt edge. The de- formed Pearls, called the “ Barrok Pearls” ( perles baroques, in Prench,) are sold for £10 to £200 per ounce, the value depending upon the quality, colour and size of the specimens. Pearls are split in halves, when they are used for setting in jewelry. Those that are flat on one side and convex on the other are mostly used and are called Button Pearls (perles boutons). These are worth about 25 per cent less than the round Pearls of the same size and quality. The round Pearls, (perfect, according to the given standard), fetch the highest price. The approximate value of one round Pearl of 10 grains would be from £10 to £11; one of 20, £40 to £50; one of 30, £80 to £100. Pearls above 30 grains are of rare occurrence and consequently of exceptional value. Pearls of rare I colour or of any fanciful tint or shade are, as a matter of course, sold at fancy prices. The value of Pearls generally has risen up since the last few years, owing, perhaps, to the stoppage of the fish- eries at Ceylon. The mother-o’-pearl fetched a ; high value in the Middle Ages. In Europe large Pearls are sold by carats, like Diamonds and other precious stones, hut in Persia, j they are weighed by the abas, which is less than the carat, and in India, by ratis, which is equivalent in weight to the abas. In Europe the ounce weight \ is used for weighing small and Baroques Pearls, | Coral, Peridots and rough Garnets ; an English ounce being equivalent to 151^ carats and a j Cologne ounce, to 72 carats. The Marvellous and Medicinal Virtues i of the Pearl. ; Piiom the earliest times the Pearls have come to be considered as emblems of purity, beauty, and \ nobility. In Bengal, they were at one time worn by virgins on their arms, as preservatives of virtue. The oneirocriticks or interpreters of dreams drew in- \ terpretations from Pearls. These had great medi- cinal effect, when taken internally. It is said that one j of the medicines given to restore Charles VI to rea- son, was a decoction of Pearls and distilled water. In China and other oriental countries, they are used as medicines — being thought to possess the power of j curing syncope, flux of blood, &c. Large quantities of seed Pearls are used, even at present, in the compo- sition of Majoons or electuaries, in the formation of which powders of several precious stones are some- times used. The Majoon, (in which there is a large quantity of Pearls,) is much in use for its supposed stimulating and restorative qualities. The oriental potentates were supposed to burn Pearls and use the powder as Chunam with the beetle-leaves they chewed. Powdered Pearls were also considered a sovereign remedy in stomach complaints, but there is nothing in the gems or in the shells which can render any more beneficial service than that done by chalks or other anti-acids. Celebrated Pearls. One of the largest Pearls known at present is called La Perigrina or the Incomparable. It was brought from India in 1620 by Gongilius of Calais, who sold it to Philip IV of Spain in 1625. This gem is now said to be in the possession of the Russian princess Youssopoff and is valued at 80,000 ducats. It is pear-shaped and is of 106 carats in weight. According to some writers of jewelry, the shell of this Pearl was found by a Negro boy, in the Panama fishery. The Pearl was presented to Philip II and was valued by the jewellers of the time at 14,400 ducats. It was pear-shaped, weighed 134 grains and was “ as big as the biggest pigeon’s egg.” According to these writers, the one which has become so much 350 THE PEARL. celebrated by tbe name La Perigrina is a different gem altogether. De Boot mentions a Pearl belong- ing to Bodolph II, weighing 120 grains — “ 30 carats that cost as many thousands of gold pieces.” Napo- lean had one, weighing nearly 180 grains. Taver- nier speaks of one perfect round Pearl weighing 36| ratis, purchased by Aurungzebe. He also gives a drawing of a large pear-shaped Pearl bought by the Shah of Persia (in 1635) from an Arab coming from the Catifa fishery. It weighed 192 ratis and was valued at Es. 5,60,000. It is above an inch in diameter and is still in the possession of the lloyal family. The Imam of Muscat has one for which he is said to have refused 3,00,000 Rs. The Pearl, which the King of Prance gave to Madam de Main- ton and which was offered for sale in 1819, weighed 27f carats. The famous necklace of the Empress Eugenie, consisting of a row of matchless black Pearls, fetched £4,000, after the removal of the Pearl forming the snap, which was subsequently sold, for 1,000 guineas, to form the centre of a brace- let; The Crown Prince of Prussia gave to his bride, the Princess Royal of England, a necklace of 32 Pearls, valued at 5,00,000 francs. The Marquis of Aber- corn is said to possess a matchless drop Pearl of considerable size. The Municipality of Plorence long gloried in the possession of a splendid single row of Pearls which was borrowed of them by the Grand Duchess, after the Restoration (in 1849). The Devon- shire Cabinet possesses a large Pearl of the finest A TREATISE ON GEMS. 351 orient, but of tbe Baroques nature, skilfully converted into tbe body of a very graceful mermaid. It is valued at Rs. 20,000. Another specimen of tbe deformed Pearl, made into a beautiful shape, now belonging to Col. Guthrie, is thus described : “ Cinque-Cento pendant in the form of a syren ; the head, neck and arms, of white enamel ; the body, of a very fine and : large Pearl Baroque, ending in scrolls and a fish’s i tail, beautifully enamelled and set Avitli rubies. She I is represented arranging her hair, with a comb in her right hand ; her left originally held a mirror. This 1 splendid gem was brought from India ; it is of fine Italian work of the 16th century. On the back is inscribed Fallit aspectus cantusque syrence and ■ D. L. V. D. R.’ ” The initials can be interpreted as “ Donum Ludovice Regis,” i.e. presented by the king Lodovico, (the XII, of Lombardy). It is sup- posed that this jewel was brought by Tavernier and other jewellers, to India and sold to the Mogul Em- peror. The Londenborough unicorn is modelled out of two big Baroques, mounted by figures of Prance and Victory in sisterly embrace. In the list of the jewels of Henry III, of England, mention is made of a Baroque resembling a head in relief. The curious articles of jewelry by Dinglinger, in the green vaults of Dresden, mounted in gold and enamel, are made of “Coq de perle.” A Pearl of this na- ture, formed into the shape of a strawberry, was shown in the Exhibition of 1862 and was after- wards sold to an English merchant for a fabu- 352 THE PEARL. lous sum, its intrinsic value being next to no- thing. Pearls of great beauty and value are to be seen amongst the state-jewels of the Indian Princes, of which special mention can be made of those belong- ing to the Guikwar of Baroda and their Highnesses the Maharajahs of Gwalior, Holkar, Jeypore, &c. The estates of the late Juggut Settjee and of the late Babu Inder Chand, of Moorshedabad, have in their possession. Pearl necklaces of very great beauty and value. In Calcutta* there is a Pearl of extraordinary size in the possession of the Sett family. There are also some valuable ones with the Mullick family. Hajah Kally Kissen, the son of the late Raja Buddinauth, has a valu- able necklace of Pearls and also some beautiful single Pearls. The late Rajah Prosonno NarainDcb of Sobha Bazar had a good collection. There is a Pearl of extraordinary size, nearly as big as a spar- row’s egg, in the possession of the Hon’ble Maharaja Joteendro Mohun Tagore Bahadoor. There are also some very good Pearls and necklaces in his estate. Several specimens of Baroque Pearls have been seen in Calcutta, amongst which was one in the shape of a dog. * There are some very large and beautiful Pearls in the possession of Mr. David, a Jewish gentlemau of Calcutta. A very good necklace, consisting of very large Pearls (valued at Its. 1,25,000), was once seen in Calcutta in the hands of Panna Lai, a Bombay jeweller. 354 Hfawrer i ^ i Os -* ^T *ft*r^*rf*ra«ro I ^^RTfjfri *nrW ftfiwwfa i 3*rej: fa^rd wr ^fe ^f4<r: il II snffWT^ I ai^w: n ^ II ^iqfcfr f agWTfjT^ \ ^T3T ^fTT TWT ftmfarTT ?WT II ^ ^ II TOR I j <TOWI I fvrwra traf ?r -^hr f%*w^ 7it% *ri% tt^^t I 'rtfe 1 1 f%asr, 7i%^ w> | w ar^tf mfe^i ^nSas 1 1 ^e i j few ciT'f ^ mifrw, ^f^-, f ^ -y^x srra Ttw I'*, fT^ ^TTfeifel^^T TtTTT 1 1 aj^ xw sn^’rsrxfT, ^fer«iT7i» irrsj qfaT "1 c ^\X ^T3T aft*TT ^^TTft aft*? TtrTT t I *W» ^T agWT *pft ^T^IT^TT^ WT<TT T^t ^ir*r?wl aft^afr fe^^rfe ^ ‘ iMU^i i GOMEDA. Translation. 330. Gomeda is produced in tlie Himalaya and the shores of the Indus. A transparent, weighty , cool, deep-colored, shining, and white or green gomeda is worthy of the highest admiration. 331 — 332. The Brahminical classification of castes obtains also with gomeda. The white gomeda is the Vipra ; the red one is the Kshetriya ; the yellowish one is the Vaishya ; and the bluish one is the Sudra. These respectively cast the white, the red, the yellow and the dark shade. CSttW? I i ortw ^,*t* ^ i Tl 'S ^ I C$5, W&, 'S ^^3 <4^ ^tFl '3''©* Ftfwff%3 «ttW I ^ I ^ I 356 flfiTOH'TI I l?r. fqqqqisq: f%q*t i qfaqqfW qtsq qqtfq wf b II qrqfq^qV sfqqrqi s^r jtr: qf%q: qr^sfa I qiftfq q\q^qf%fqqnr qqffq^qifWcftqkTq': 11^8 I q ^tt "Tk^ ^ qiw qtq^qqTqfa I qq’NT qfw. ^n% qT qqqtfq%: ii ^ ii cTT3TOT I *rrch wfqfsrqr, qq^; w> 1%q*, qfaqr q^q ^fk qk^ir qgn^ ^qqqV q^ffT % I I 'fTqr^T, q^^rr, ^tt^t itw qjqq? q?q ^t;- ^TT, ^Tfjfl^qq, ^qfq qq^qq^T q^qqT^T* q*f%7q, qf%q qk?: ^k<T» qtq q?k qqqrt qxq q^fiT ^ I M8 I 'skqff SrrrqT ^kq q¥T qqT if, q^^ft q’lt qq qjqq qT^T «rr?rT ^ , q^qiT^- qfagq ^qjq qjk qnw% q*k^|- q^qjq qrq #' i ^ i A TREATISE ON GEMS, 357 Translation, 333. The wearing of a weighty, lustrous, white, cool, tender, very old, and transparent gomeda leads to prosperity. 334 A light, discolored, exceedingly rough, dilu- sion-creating, and cool yet dirty gomeda blights happiness and saps the foundations of energy. 335. Those defects that have been mentioned as belonging to the diamond, are also found in the gomeda. This gem is tested by fire or by whetting. « ^55 extern I w I '-s mm cw * mm ftotfnr i w 1 c\ mm arft c*rftrore c 3 ^ *ppt c?ft <rf^ m, mfm *tf©E5?ri <ri c’ttCTW? ^ mm i w i ^N5[Tr? I nfiumsH I i flW*TT^T% i to ?twt fa^’fpssr^r rlWT^ ^TUTg^UTT^: VT^* xrf^^^ll ^\q II w JTTTO I ^TOT *ft*-^T W5T, wai ^*n«T 5ffV ■stoT, ^t^r% tot ^ rft^ri ?ft^ Tt, % fft^T vtm TOcrt ^ i f%^% ?sWii giro xr<* ^>sri ^<rt «ft 'ttuT? Tm tr=f{ flTSTT 7it^5RT ft^TT I f ijf^ TOT«T TOfa ^T*T 7ft* ^T Tt^TT I | ^T?ft Tf^TTO 7Tt*^ TOT?T # ‘ | 3T1T- WTf^ ^TTW^T^T 'sVt ifT TO ’TtrlT t, 'TTWFW TTt*^ *%ro$ TO ^T ^ I kkv l sfa jnt*w i A TREATISE ON GEMS, 359 Translation, 336. Opinions are divided as to the price of a sterling gomeda, some maintaining it to be double that of a proportionate mass of gold, some holding it to be equal to that of a Vidruma , some making it equal to that of chdmara * 337. Fraudulent jewellers fabricate false gome- das with crystal. The good that is reaped by wear- ing the four classes of the diamond, is also obtained by wearing the four classes of the gomeda. Ttefa TO ft®*!, TO fWCT* to Ftro<i t \$*\ I I w. ^1 ffsro c^ttcro ^%1 «ttc^ I iWtfff m sfUra CT w^, c’ttPiw qtWe (Trt ^ i i * The bushy tail of the Bos Granniens, used as a fly-flap or fan and as one of the insignia of royalty. i ^ c^rtw i THE ZIRCON, HYACINTH OR JACINTH. THE ZIRCON, HYACINTH OR JACINTH. Its Properties. JHE Zircon, Hyacinth or Jacinth and Jargoon are identically the same stone, differing only in colour. The Greek name is “ Wakinthis,” Latin, “ Hyacinthus,” German, “Hyacinth,” and “ Ein hreuneder Jacinth,” French, “ Jacinthe La Belle.” The word Zircon is supposed to be derived from the Arabic word Zerh, which means a gem ; the Hya- cinth, from the Arabic Yakut which means the Ruby. The transparent and bright-coloured varie- ties are known as the Hyacinth or Jacinth ; the greyish and smoke-coloured ones, (which are some- times sold as inferior Diamonds,) as the Jargoon. The Jargoon again occurs of several colours and is seldom perfectly transparent. Boetius de Boot describes the varieties thus ; “ (1) there are some that flame like fire or are similar in colour to crim- son or to natural vermillion. These the French jewellers call Jacinthe La Belle, and these they esteem the best. (2) Those with a yellow red colour. (3) Others are like unto Amber, so that they can hardly be distinguished from it, but by tbeir hardness. These are of no great value, by reason of the atoms they contain, and the multipli- city of small bodies which are in them, which do hinder their transparency and translucency.” Accor- A TREATISE ON GEMS. 361 ding to Cardanus, “ there is a fourth kind which have no redness at all in them, which are like to white pellucid Amber, and these are of least value.” This gem belongs to the dimetric system of crystallization. Its specific gravity is from 4'07 to 4 - 75. In the transparent varieties, the lustre is almost adamantine ; in the opaque ones, it is vitri- ous. It varies in colour from red to yellow, hrown, green, grey and white. Its number in the scale of hardness is 7'5 ; it having the power of slightly scratching quartz. Its cleavage is imperfect ; its fracture conchoidal and brilliant. It is composed of zirconia, 66 - 8, silica, 33-2 and peroxide of iron, T. Being heated it becomes phosphorescent, loses its colour and increases in specific gravity, but re- gains its normal properties when cool, and if re- heated immediately after, the phosphorescence does not appear. It is infusible before the blow-pipe but melts with borax into clear glass. No acids but sulphuric can affect it, and that even, after long maceration. It possesses double refraction in a very high degree, specially the Jargoon of Ceylon. The Zircon is distinguished by its quadrilateral crystals, terminating at both ends in a pyramid, with the same number of facets. \ Where found. Nicols, writing 226 years ago, speaks of the Zircons : — “ They are found in Ethiopia, India and Arabia. The Arabs distinguish three kinds ; 362 THE ZIRCON. (1) Hubris Coloris ;(2) Citrine Coloris ;(3) Antimonii } Coloris. Of these the worst is found in the river Isera, which is upon the confines of Silisia and Bohemia. The best and most excellent ones are brought from Cananor, Calicut and Cambia.” Since this period, several places have been found which are known to contain Zircon. It is found in em- bedded and attached crystals in granite, Syenite and | Gneiss and also in beds of rivers together with j Garnets, in Ceylon, Pegu, India and parts of Europe j ' and America. It has been found in small crystals < in Syenite at Meissen and in the Plauenschen- 5 Grand, (both near Dresden), and in dense basalt, in the Siben-Giberge, in Prussia; in the rivers \ Espially (France) and Iser (Bohemia) ; in the ; island of Harris, in the Pfitsch Thai in Tyrol; in j Gaston, Pennsylvania and in Hammond, New York. j It is also found in some volcanic places (and with many Yolcanic or Plutonic stones), such as at Neide-Mindy, in porous millstone lava ; in Pacher- sea, (in little white and red crystals), in volcanic > bomb-shells and in the lava of Vesuvius. 5 Mode of Gutting and Polishing. The Zircon is seldom used in jewelry, but when it is necessary to prepare it for ornaments, such as rings, pins, ear-rings &c., it is ground in a leaden plate with emery powder, and polished on a plate of copper with powdered rotten stone. The Jargoon is generally cut in the form of a Rose A TREATISE ON GEMS 363 i $ p ? 5 > < / $ ] Diamond ; i. e., fiat at the bottom and pointed at the top; the Jacinth or Hyacinth, like a brilliant with a rounded table. The Zircon, Jacinth or Hyacinth as known to the Although this stone was well-known to the ancients, it is a matter of question whether the gem they called by this name was the same as the true Zircon. Some suppose it to be the Lyncurium of Theophrastus. Its Hebrew name is Techyleth or blue ; hence, perhaps, Pliny called the stone known to us as the sapphire, by the name Hyacinthus. It was a great favorite of the ancient Romans, but is little worn at present. In the Paris Museum may be seen a splendid specimen of a very ancient engraving on a Zircon, representing Moses with the two tables of the law. It is 54 millimetres in length and 34 in width. Lord Duncannon is said to be in possession of a Zircon having the figure of an athlete engraved upon it. The modern Chinese use this gem profusely in decorating their gods. Price of the Zircon ; its Flatus and Defects : No standard prices can be given for the Zircon as it is seldom used for jewelry purposes. Former- ly it commanded a very high price. A solitary speci- men of a Zircon, if free from flaws and possessed of a fine colour, may fetch a high price, in the pre- Ancients : Fngravings. Mode of Testing. 364 THE ZIRCON. sent time. A perfect Zircon should he of a beautiful orange colour, with a shade of scarlet, quite clear and without flaws. To remove dark spots from the stone and to equalize its colour, it is sometimes very carefully burnt with sand and iron filings. The Jargoon that comes from Matura (in Ceylon) approaches the diamond so closely in lustre, that in the 18tli century it had been supposed to be an inferior diamond and sold as such. The people of Ceylon call it the “ Maturian Diamond.” It is seldom found of large size — the maximum weight has not yet exceeded more than 12 carats. It was formerly much used in mourning ornaments. The Zircon is sometimes confounded with the Essonite or Cinnamon stone, from which, however, it differs in its essential characteristics. While the specific gravity of the former is from 4*07 to 4*7, that of the latter is from 3*5 to 4*3. Then, in the scale of hardness, the former is 7*5, while the latter is from 6*5 to 7*5. Then there is a great deal of difference in the chemical composition of each. The latter has a large element of lime, magnesium and alumi- num in it and is fusible before the blow-pipe, whereas the former is not. As to refraction, the Zircon possesses double, while the Cinnamon stone, single refraction. The Spinel is sometimes mistaken for the Jacinth, owing to similarity of colour in some of the specimens, but a reference to the dis- tinguished characteristics of each will easily correct the mistake. To distinguish the Zircon from all A TBEATISE ON GEMS. 365 other stones of a similar nature, it should be looked | at through a microscope in front of a strong light, j and care must he taken to observe, whether it has s a peculiar texture, called in French, j Ratine (nap- py) — which has the appearance of water when I spirit is poured into it. This cottony or “ nappy” | look is its special characteristic. Marvellous Properties attributed to the Zircon. In the Middle Ages, this gem was supposed to bring riches, honor and wisdom, and was considered a great charm for plague and wicked spirits. ‘ e One of these,” says Cardanus, “ he was wont to wear about him, for the purpose of procuring sleep, to which purpose it did somewhat to confer, hut not much.” It was also thought to be a safe-guard against lightning. i. ' ; ' Vv -5 • ’ • ,v . (V. . iltj.'tVi' J. "■+ ; ■ W- h ^ ftjw i A JT^WTI Ok " 7THTTOW <5 g 3fi | W^fqnrt B || «TT*T *ITTqf% ^T^fww: I g^nf^Tfrwt;^ w^reir n ^<* n ir^r^TW Sfifa’jT f%TCT*q ^ I JT^T^r f%TT^rifa: ^n*hzi II ^ 8 ° faf *T ^TtrT^^T SRT^T I cTC^WT q^lwt xrm fifif^cfiT ^cTT^R TW q^T 'stoT %» ^Wt fq^*T *T7TT qiW t I I qf^?r "ft^i f%PEr ■?*, ^ *t*tt f%*r S 7 \J V <TC% ^fw, f?g ^tX ^ *3]X ^T<f ^ V ^ flT^ *n<T T|>?t % | I TOita%*rf5r^ w^?r j N f%JSJ *HTT sfT^rW^fTfl ^ , ^I^T<5I^TrrqiT ^711 q^<r -^t^t # qrqrjx ^ 'ttm % i $$* i THE CORAL. Translation. 338. A cross-shaped gem resembling a plant is found in the White Sea. It is called Vidruma. 339. The Brahminical classification of castes has also been introduced among Vidrumas. 340. That, Vidruma -which is red like the eye of the hare, tender and very cool, is the Brahmin. It is exceedingly beautiful and is easily penetrable. i (?sr«^C5? SRffT (71 Wt% f^S5S[ #1 ^ | 'Mb' I *tf*K\53l C< 1 31 3t3 c l 3R7R, '®t3l 3 -Wtft srtfoffSOT Ftf<i^¥t3 ^t<Ti sffiTF l ««a> l ^r w rcw<T '« <2Kt*T ^"1% <43° ^SRTTt^f ! «Rt?ItOT CW I «8° I 1 aftWFsTT I 368 ^*rTfa^U?T H $81 !1 'T^T^Tf ?{WT I WSTTfa*^ f%^‘ qwfel Tr^lfnTW I! ^ 8 ^ || > N vJ f%^*T 7^Tf?r. <rtq ^11^83 || TM<K %^?IT f^T^frT ^eTWrfT I i s5 ■g^T^Rt irt^T ^*T^T«5r^i^Ti q^r: II ^ 8 8 I! <RSTOT I W^r, qjWtqiT ^T’T^T y V3 C\ ^l Oy I ^RT^T vr^, ^iw» ^fifi^ir ^Wta'-qTRT ’3?fc | ^ff%7>4 *f?TT ^fa-WTH t | ^ 8 1 I f 'O *1 qqrnpjR qffa qirfqrR^ *rr ^r ww> \i VJ vl s qfk wter qiTfnrfqfii^ *frrx t^wra 'f' i ^ 8 ^ i ^ g'TTT <jTT<jr qR<*Tqi ^*rx*x *m, ^q} *fNT qfft qft q^nx traf^ w wr, \ W 5 ? ^qrT<7 ^ I ^ 8 ^ I qrx*rw» 1%7 *t<tt, nw, wwv qfft w ^ttt, , \) N * | vSfaix ^ q^q* iw ^ i qffa qft ^q tjr- gm *ttit ^a^i^rqft ^ffqf^qqm ^ I ^8 8 I Translation. 341. That which resembles the China-rose, the bandhuli flower, vermilion or the pomegranate flower, which is impenetrably hard and which is not cool, is a Khsetriya. 342. That Vidruma which is like the Butea frondosa, or the trumpet flower, which is cool and slightly lustrous, is reckoned a Vaisya. 34)3. That Vidruma , the lustre of which is not enduring, which is like the leaves of the red lotus, which is hard yet easily penetrable, is a Sudra. 344. Yellowness, coolness, hardness, perma- nancy of lustre and beauty are the principal quali- ties of the Coral ; and those Corals that possess them, are auspicious. i ®ri, situ wi wi i $8* i 's m - fwi i ^85. i wl *rfai «8'0 1 My fvtviy ^51, thrift IWl 3 c 3 fMi,«Wi?ra ^ '9«i <4^ wr ^SftWsf I «88 I u u I C\ **• w ^Trr I <7^j fasntta: mrreifa 11 ^8*< f%^^?IT g W^rlT JT*TT% ***** I T*T f^l*TT ^ f ^ftrerH II ^ 8 ^ II T*T 5nft WtaT*’ft: ^f'Tt ft JR?* ^Tfit fa^^f^RTWTT I *T*: ftf%*T MS'® II <PC5WTI **#<!* ^TT^W^T ^ f*TT tR^T Ttcfl **, TT%T%^ *t?RT* IT # I ^8fJL I nrt» *Tft ft tot* ** , f%^, *k fkz **** ^rif* Tt^ #, ** *R* ^ I §gf I f%* *r*r5^ ^*tot* Ttf?i *\ f**T* ^\rIT # , *fiR^T ^R* froift XR^T ^iTflT #, fwZT^iT *t* ^W<T*T *T* **J!T # , WTW t<TI T* *faT ’TO* *ftrI*iT ^8^9 A TREATISE ON GEMS. 371 Translation. 345. A deep red Coral is found in the Hima- laya. The wearing of it leads to instant cure from poisoning. 346. Roughness and the quality of being dis- colored are the two primary defects of the Coral ; besides which, there are Rekhd* Kdkapada, Vindu, and other defects found in Diamonds. 347. Reklid blights fame and beauty, A'varta brings about loss of family dignity, Patiala leads to disease, Vindu to loss of wealth, Trdsa to fear and Nilakdya to death itself. I j <3 \5t^l ms<h fwf>®i "'S crfr, v5%Sf 'S Wtf^s C'TfasiWI I *>8St | 's <1) ^r, i w i * Vide ante , i fqq*ft STTffW^T ^4*^1 ^ « fqqqqnfq fqq*r fqqnr qqqfsq t qT I q w^qrqrfq q YTfsff * % qqf q^q qj’ft ^ffar: n n qfaq* *q^dj qnfqr. quf^q twwt ^jnri: i fq^Tq q^snsipj qM qftqq qqq h n qr sort i 1 ^’qqq qqqiT ^T*X ^sftsxqq ^qx qrifqq qtft 's’Vfq* qqx q%*:qqfT q*q» fqq?ixq qrrqq^i feqxqq qxqq* faxt^rq tw t:w qrs^ qqiqt q?qr ^<tt # l ^8^ I wr. qiq qq> ^fqqrx qqq **, ^ qJV qx?*ft q^- wr, fqqrxfq, q^T qqx, ^xw ^xfc qrcqTi q*u qiT?TT qf, q^ ^JTqfq *ftq *TT<T qWn 4* I ^8<$ I iqqx, qq^qT, qqfqx qxfc qfeqqiql’ qftT^qt TeJ% qqxq $q I", %f%q 'f'ft^Nxq ^C qT^ qVqqft qiPcq ^ I ^<JL<> | Translation. 348. The price of a faultless Coral is twice that of an equal quantity of pure silver. As in regard to other gems, the effects of wearing Corals vary in accordance with each of the four classes. 349. According to Kar, the celebrated sage, the man who wears an ugly, discolored and rough Coral, courts his own death. 350. Heaviness, transparency, beauty and hard- ness are the principal qualities of jewels. But the first holds with respect to diamonds only. WCfaFfa I «8b' i f^< M3 5ft<T c l TO, <R to I m>8s> I efrfa 'SH, fro W ^TlfTOlTF to? nfiwraT I C\ ^ ^T*Tt frif: f^-fsri f %?r: i %qf q^Nt q^Tfa ^TTWfHTftnPf II ^ || qw ^ q'fif ^ qrf^q 5 ^ fqqfaq I frf%* ^Tf%q ^WHim II II ^Tfa ’ST^ITT^T I qrtq^wfq?? qT^: ?if%q i^qq ^ n ^ B ar^fa qifsrrf TT*f W M I *Tp|«r ?aqq W* i [ qJrm lifwq ft: II ^8 II dr ?TT3WT I ’o't^tqf qffq<*r qiTq; tw% *wq war %3TT q* qw t‘» t\ q^w ^tt^ q^ri^ii qftqifqiqi TcPfit q^Nl f%fw oITf<T ? i HU fTTT VF3T 'fHl qqqiwq ^ ^ ^TTrTT #, C\ j >ffer ^ftf?r qr^q qftw fa*nqrc *rz Tt s> srmT if I i tgrtwI q%q qr?q i qw’: fqq^q qnfqrqf wsri: qm^ qpqq ^ _ S4 v3 <\ qfa * i *yi* i q q iTTwqr) - wt^t qqq^q fqrqsft qTfaq ^qs?; qiq<Tqq qit%q»T tw qf *n*» qfo ^q qrfrrq qj^r ^t wrq, q ir qr<*rq faq qrq? t;qq ^qq>T W qrrq, qfa fqqqq q?;q ft ^Tq, ^T qpf ^ % | H8 I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 875 Translation 351. Whereas fraudulent traders fabricate false gems, I will now describe the way of testing pre- cious stones as laid down by the authorities. 352. A false diamond is easily penetrable by a real one ; a false pearl is destroyed when washed in salt water. 353. The Euby and other gems, say the author- ities, are very well tested by rubbing one by the other. 354. When a false gem is put in any gruel, it loses its brilliance ; and when rubbed becomes soft. RRl I «« I RH RlrRtRl fRRi ^0*1 CrW R^feT RR> ^|Rl RtR I ^ | 4*^55 Rf^CaRl RRMR R^ 4 ! RtRl R* RRJfttRR ffRRRtffRWtfR fRFtR Rfea RtlRR CRtR WR f=rf*F# r f%i R* C*tt^1 RfRRJtR TO <4 Tn ffe CRtRR ^Rl | $<18 1 I 376 ^TTST Wf TTTTiVfTT «TT^ ***: II u qq^ qftq^r sti*t f%<r I i&tqwvt fqqifwqqqpfq II I «tc3tht i TW*t q^Nr qi\^ wt^ ^TT’KT \ T* V*T, ^fa<T *ffc srp^^- qrCOr qni 'fifqqr ftfq i ^yi i qfr^TT, ^tq^r, f%*s* qfa ^tPt q^fqfa^ q*qr f^fT^T^- # tprarapB^TOTT ^ ^%rq>T t\v qraqr^qTsrr # I I wqrr q^R i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 377 Translation. 355. Princes should examine precious stones by these tests before depositing them in their treasury, so that they may enjoy long life and prosperity, and acquire success and fame. 356. A clear, soft, cool, and finely red Coral is auspicious, conduces to prosperity and is an antidote to poisoning. WIT C<b ^ *FC?R, I I CTfa«T, 1%$ 'Q ^1 W^< fk&y '« #iit <*rc' wit® V V 378 o THE CORAL, THE CORAL Its Properties , HE Pearl is one of the two animal products included amongst the precious gems. The Coral, the other, is the production of gelatinous creatures, belonging to the family of “ Polypi,” of which there are many varieties. The variety known as “ Isis Nobilis,” (or the precious Coral,) is like a tree with leafless branches, the stem of which is sometimes seen to be as thick as a man’s body, but generally about a foot high and an inch thick. “ The calcarious axis of the * Isis Nobilis’ is distinguished by its size, hardness and capability of polish as well as by its beautiful red colour. It has a sort of leathery covering in the cells to which the Polypi adhere. In the soft rind which sur- rounds the axis, there are small lime-needles and outside these the nets of the common canals which the little creatures weave.” The sub-marine forests which are formed by the Coral grow to such an ex- tent as to make islands and to seriously obstruct navigation. It was the belief of the ancients — a belief still shared in by many, in the present time — that the Coral is of vegetable origin ; but modern science, with the help of the miscroscope, has discovered the form of the insects which produce this wonderful phenomenon of nature. The Polypi consist of a soft gelatinous substance, and when they sit in their cells undisturbed, each of them is found to resemble an eiglit-cornered star, notched on each point and situated in a circle round the mouth, by means of which they catch their food and convey it to this opening. They are so pecu- liarly organized, that if one of them be touched, even in the slightest degree, all the separate molusks on the branch will form into one corporate body. Though the insects show, in this respect, a marvel- lous degree of sensitiveness, they have not yet been discovered to possess nerves or any of the five senses. In the case of the precious Coral, the food goes into a hole in the stomach and is there well- mixed with water and circulated in all directions in little vessels, and thus conveyed to the whole mass, which are all in communication with each other. Particles of plants, found in the water and little worms or insects, form their chief nourish- ment. They are very much averse to light and to a disturbance of the water, either of which is sufficient to make them recede to their cells. The Corals are affected by heat and acids. Where Found: Coral Fisheries. The Corals are found in many parts of the water- world, but those that are used for ornaments principally come from the Mediterranean and espe- cially from the African Coast. The beds, (formed by the creatures themselves), in the clefts of rocks, 380 THE CORAL. are evidently the result of very great labour, for, in some cases, they have been found 700 or 800 feet beneath the surface of the sea. The Coral fishery is conducted in many places, principally amongst which may be mentioned the coasts of Tunis, Al- giers, Sicily, Corsica, the lied Sea and the Persian Gulf. Although it is chiefly carried on by the Italians and Maltese, it was first initiated by the Trench. In 1450, a Trench Company was estab- lished at Calle or Kalak, (a seaport of the African coast), the fishing at which place became their monopoly, on condition of their employing Pro- vencal sailors only. In 1791, the fishery was thrown open to all who traded with the Levant and states of Africa. In 1794, however, the Trench ships were protected by a duty laid on those of all other nations. During the time England held possession of Calle (1802-1816), the fishery was pursued with great energy. In 1830, the Italians had, according to fresh arrangements, to pay a duty for it, while the French were exempted. But still the Italians predominated. The fishery, which begins in March and ends in the beginning of October, is conducted in the following way. “Two iron rods about 7 feet long and having 4 prongs, are bound crosswise together, and wrap- ped up in hemp about ^ inch thick, and bound to this is a net-work bag. In the middle of the rods a weight of lead is fastened. This machine is let down by means of a cable and when drawn up A TREATISE ON GEMS 381 again, it catches the projecting Coral in the hemp which is gently brought to the surface.” Each fishing boat consists of 13 sailors. Experienced divers can sometimes bring up a strong branch of the Coral. It is then cut into various lengths as required and sorted, according to their thickness, size and beauty. The Coral is principally cut into beads and boutons or pieces cut en-cabochon, into drops for ear-rings ; also into leaves, flowers and various other forms ; for making the carved ornaments, as seen in Naples and Genoa, into charms which are worn in bunches ; sometimes into Cameos and into stick and whip-mounts and handles. It is bored by steel needles ; in Italy it is done by hand. But Karl Hoffmann of Leipzig has rendered the opera- tion much cheaper by inventing a machine for boring. The working on Coral is chiefly carried on in Marseilles, Leghorn and Genoa. In Leghorn about 300 persons are employed in conducting the operations and the Coral thereof is exported to India, Persia, China and Japan. The branches of the Coral are cut in such a manner as may be convenient and advantageous, according to their shape and freedom from flaws. They are after- wards ground into beads and polished with oil. Engravings. On account of its softness the Coral is often used for Cameo. At the sale of the Empress Eugenie’s Cutting and Boring of Coral. THE CORAL. jewels by Messrs. Cristie and Manson (1872), a very fine suit of carved Coral and gold ornaments fetched a very high value. Fine specimens of carved Coral are not at all rare. Coral as known to the Ancients : Its uses. According to a Greek tradition, the Coral was supposed to have sprung out of the blood dropping from the head of Medusa, which Persues had deposited on some branches near the sea-shore and which, on becoming hard, was taken by the sea- nymphs and planted in the sea. Pliny termed it “ Dendrites” and “ Corallum.” It was dedicated by the Romans to Jupiter and Apollo. The Coral is not so much liked in Europe as it was in former times. In the beginning of the present century, however, it was set in gold or silver and was used in ear-rings, bracelets, necklaces and baby-rattles in the nursery of the middle and upper classes of people. In the oriental countries it is held in great favour. The worm-eaten Coral and especially that of the dark red variety is in great demand in certain parts of India. One house of Naples is reported to export Rs. 80,000 worth of Coral to Calcutta, and India is said to spend 20 lacs of Rupees a year for the purchase of this commo- dity. Coral is very profusely worn by the Eastern nations in strings, on turbans and on the handles of swords and daggers. The Brahmins and Eakeers, use the Coral beads as rosaries to count their A TREATISE ON GEMS. prayers. The rich wear the red Coral on their head, throat and legs. Some writers say that there is scarcely to he found an Indian who does not wear Coral in some or other part of his body. The Chinese mix the red Coral with Jade beads and wear them as ornaments for the neck and head. It is also worn in Spain and in the West Indian Islands by the Negroes. The Price of Coral : Its Imitations. Coral is found of several colours, all shades of red and pink, green, brown, yellow, white and black. The last three varieties are not of much value. The most beautiful production is called the “ flower of blood.” The rose-tinted ones, on account of their resembling the fanciful shapes assumed by pink Pearls, obtain the highest price. These sell for £100 to £200 per ounce. A single lai’ge bead or drop will fetch £30 to £40. The next in quality is the pale-coloured one, which sells from £10 to £100 per ounce. The price of the other red varieties ranges according to colour, between £2 and £20 per ounce. The red Coral was once considered the most valuable. But present fashion awards the palm to the pink ones. Th Coral is often imitated by bone, horn, and ivory, stained with cinabar — also by a composition of gypsun, gum and cinabar. I 384 THE CORAL. Marvellous and Medicinal Powers attributed to Coral. In the most ancient times the Coral was held in great esteem. But at the time of Pliny, its influ- ence was evidently not much appreciated, as in one of his works, he remarks that “ formerly it was deemed excellent as an antidote to poison.” In the Middle Ages, it regained its attributes, both as a medicine and as a charm. It was then considered as a powerful astringent and a talisman against enchantments, witch-craft, venom, epilepsy, assaults of Satan, &c. &c. &c. From an old work quoted by Brand, it appears that, “ Witches tell that this stone withstondeth, lyghtenying and putteth it as well as whirl-windes, tempestes, and the stormes, from shippes and houses that it is in.” Pierre de Rosnel says, that if worn by a man, it would deepen in colour and look lively ; and would be- come pale and livid, if worn by a woman or by a man who is ill and likely to die. It would stop hemorrhage, if hung round the neck. Boetius de Boot says, that he was himself cured of a danger- ous pestilential fever by taking six drops of tinc- ture of Coral. Armand de Villenevee prescribes 10 grains of Coral, to be given to an infant, in its mother’s milk, (provided this be the first child and its first food), in* order to preserve it from epilepsy or any other fit, throughout life. In the modern times, the power of the red Coral in withstanding witchcraft is believed in some nurseries and nfjIOTT^I I l *T^TI C\ " *TWT 3 irr TM SfiSlTW II | q^Rq^^-^wri' q^- qT^f^qt totcit: ^?t?t II n m%^qi<T^iiT i fTcq^r fqqfrqTWf qs^Tq II ^<c || i^fT ^TrT m^T *FTR i v. q^CSTOT | q;fcq qtfq qfqt qrqfaq q^r qq^T ^ ; qi^NT qfte qjqq qqi^T TfrTT #1 I qriRi qw qV ’qqfa q^q^T qf¥, ^ ^ s> f^i^qtT vw qf^r i£q% *rar, firctow, ^ftw)- fq^, vii: qqrc, wtx q>qrqTTTT qfa q^T% wq qf^r w> qrt qq q^rr ^tt^t q I $Ir \ qT%q^ wt^% wt fq qq^T TTq, q=f qq Ttqqrf qHT qi^fTT v* I I A TREATISE ON GEMS. EMERALD’ Translation. 357. Emerald is produced in the undulating coast of the Black Sea belonging to Turkey. The good as well as the had qualities of Emeralds will follow. 358. Those Emeralds that are smooth, and the color of which is like that of the parrot’s throat, acacia sirisa, the glow-worm’s hack, new-born grass, Vallisniria Octandra, leaves of the water-lily or the peacock’s tail, are auspicious. 359. Genuine Emeralds are infallible remedies for all cases of poisoning. p, ppp '3 i i TOfl CT '©fa ^ HtK ( ^ ) fc*ni *tar '« ppiro p*f ©fa I 'SkV | <2ffaW faf P, 'fipsjy FtTP Wpl fWilfa ^Tl i ^ i l 'Nprbt i i C\ v fW TT^T *TWf?l II II ^RT^THi^ 7JW f%qfW?T I ^TT3W ?I7Crf^^T"IT^Tl# B ^ II *^TR$w: qfWH | *fqgt sfiTW3tf^rafrT WajM ^1\ II II f%rETT <q 'fftWR ^TJrTfqM^cTT *T*ftfifT: I ^nf^r n ^ o ^ q^: aw? fq^nfa faftf^<r*rf*qTw i | ri^T^ff ^'fi^rfafb twW *Rfaf%: n a n cR5JHT I ^•pr^r W** ^HT V?rH 4fc ^1% ^ 5T *\ q 5 ? qr%qi qfftqiir qrar Ttm ^ | 1 q^ 4k qft* f^c f^f%w|- q- **£* qfa qq^T <?>, <fr <3^ !3*T^T qrqqi ^tRT j qr?q 4" I ^ I Wt TT^T IWfkf 4k qftSRq Wf^'WI^T, qq ^RR qT3f q>T% qq qqnqqrr Tkq qsr I qrqqT «ft yt^t, irfaq ^qqi fwn:4)-^rPTT fqq fqqfqq qq^Srir qjqi t^TT tffT t, f^r^r% t^q^k qqq 'fifaq 4t, tgrt^ qf^mqit *T?ri \ W qrsjT q?ra it 4i^^i^i^al A TREATISE ON GEMS. 389 i _ Translation. 360. Such cases of snake-bite in which incan- tation and medicine are of no avail, are curable by Emeralds. 361. Even any other flawless gem assuming the form of an Emerald is highly prized. 362. An Emerald which is of one uniform color, although excessively light and devoid of any other good property, which illumines a place when exposed to the sun : 363. Which is not extremely green, yet the splendour of which looks like the lightning’s play among fresh grass : 361. The sight of which instills the liveliest pleasure into the mind, is the very best of its kind. T5 r^ 5 rf'f I ^ | '&5}« | WM Rt<RR TO C<TOi*f #| TOsi «ti rf i^i (71 'S 'SWIR ^ ^jrtK ftf^rKTO 1 'os* 1 TO TO *R^ f Ri7 5 R | ■3\b0 | TOrl TO TO! TO RRRf TO, sflTs (Tff 5^- <F®'t Rl% | ^8 | 390 3qf5ff3qrsrT i C\ ^RTC^cT f% rTrTjl « 56 T^TT ^T^srt fa^T^RT HTfa I fT^fa 5T $<JRrT f% TTTC^Tsrt II 0 *nrT*JT^ I cR5WT I ttt^t ^itrt W*% f^wi ^TTTT^ir ^ «\ v fiRTW^ ^T^, rfT^^t TI*R*T 3i^, ^qrW TOUTWI 3r?7t t I I 7T%*T, ^ fa^ST f%*RT *rpfi, ’EfST, 7T%TT W* f%*ST» ^ **TT^% *RT«T f^rfsftnr, ^ T?T% *RZf ^Tffr ttt^T *PTT< f%3T *RT T* I %$$\ •5TT ^T^r ft^fafare, ^«r tT, fit ■rt%^ ^^cfiT *jw xrff^ srr *rw? vtr 1 1 i rR^ sTTlffW, tjfapr, t^r ^\x W^ ^PC *n«T I, ^ TO* ^^T^rT^fT *rfnrir*fj- ^t* *rra t, writ ^ tr^ sttt ^T* WTrf^TT *TT^T 'ffcri % I I ^w^jTffi ^^-^Tfr ^asfTOrcftoiW i ^TOreTOf^JRiTfsft II li wrei*rt«T f^^T *rw d II A TREATISE ON GEMS. "*1# 391 Translation. 365. The Emerald which when placed on the palm, and exposed to the sun, scatters light all round, is termed a Mahd Marakata* 366. An Emerald, which owing to its deep green has a densely transparent centre, the home of cool and gentle rays of the color of the peacock’s tail, is a sterling gem. 367. If an Emerald is lustrous, but if its lustre is unsteady, it can never equal the above-mentioned one in value. 368. Mahamarakatas are divided into four castes like the Hindus, each caste being recognized by certain peculiarities of shade and by other marks. Cd ■frsflwi to? toI i • ^<<i itf&R WTO to Iwi- cq fro c*\% ftf% 'st^l ^t«T '© c l ^5 TO 5 !! I W I glwltffi? Fifl^TO wtfrow «rf^s 's ^rt^j «^ 4 fTO1 (7\% £tfi Sftf% ^3*Tl <TiH I i * Literally, the Great Emerald. n 392 flfenrai i i 0\ " WnTO IpTO q^fro: ^J<TT: I */j *T3«tEnjf^T =5^RT ff II II anfwir%* vir *rq?Ll fqtiffte: qjqtq qq A ^\9o || qqf^gqift ^TOT vk I fq^Tf *f%f qift SITfWI HSfT*KT n II 5PC3WT I nv*ri *fa qiir^ *rra qqnw qffa qfq TOW 1W ^TT? ^RT qif?T ▼ I • ^T%^iT ^T I srt ^rof^R f%wr qff, <3^t ^ t, TO TRIT q%?:^ fTO^ Ttf?T t* *iV qTCIT faqft *RT% T^qST T.W ^T t» ^TOt fqwlZ q»T^ t, fq^qftz qraT q%T^% w^m qfaftfq # I i qrari ttc* ^f%?iqiqrT qran qf^3% *to j s ^rfa^TFT TO fW ^TTOIT *fTO ffa, fq^Tq qrew t, ^t qT?TTftTO to? TO?qft fqqifl' qq^T ft l w i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 393 Translation. 369. Seven defects are mentioned as belonging to Emeralds, as also five good qualities and eight shades. 370. An Emerald which is not cool, is called a Rukshma ; it leads to disease. That which has a yellow spot, is called a Bishfota. Death from wounds inflicted by a weapon may be apprehended from wearing it. 371. An Emerald to which a stone fragment is inseparably attached, has a baleful influence. That which is dirty, is called a Bic'c'haya. Such an Emerald may bring on a variety of diseases. *t*«ftt* '9*1 'Q xst^t murt ^^•T, fepfs *rtiH 5e t^rt^ wfHl i i ^7® *ttca i w i Defects of the Emerald. ^Ntfrnr i qifatf ^ ^n^nwTf^* 1 fw^r* ii ^8 it 55^ wq^fafa qw i^t: ^rar: l v TT^# ?TT^<f ^r 4 >TTqwq^ II 3 \$y. II V# frr.w i fqfa ^wf?r *r^qrc% tot oth 131m qiW qslT qrf?t t» **k qi^T «rrat qSTrTT %, 4k qnfa^kr ^frT qiWt <rt<skt t, qren q%T^%qrt<T^T^qii qnqqrfqiT ^ q^T ft I ^ 8 ^ I ^<^q» ?T*r% q^fafag ^wt«t qi^T q%^qi^ *kqiT *tq 'w'tq;, 51 ^ WTriqqiTTqiT •=35f^q q^T«I fqi^I 3RT, q*qfa ^"T^T q^TR qi^q t I ^ 8 $ I qi%q;i ^w I fqqRtq, kra*l<q> ■qT’C^^fcq 4 k ’STIpcq <\ q4t qfq qi%^ qqT«T t, q 4 t qq qm qq qiqqt qra q?*qr % l ^as i i < A TREATISE ON GEMS. 395 • Translation. 372. An Emerald containing gritty fragments is \ termed a Karhara. It causes the death of its j owner’s son ; an ugly Emerald is called a Jathara. A Jathara Emerald renders one liable to bites. 373. The Emerald, the color of which is like that of MdshaJcaldi is fatal to its wearer. These j are the seven kinds of defects pertaining to Emeralds. I shall now mention the good qualities. Good Properties of the Emerald. 374 — 375. Purity, weight, coolness, freedom ; from dust, and beauty, are the five principal qualities of Emeralds. Such Emeralds cleanse men from all sin. 'SRHt? I 3 •rfcsj ?T<p ws wh wi *rfa, srh wl i i | TOTO53T 3H \ WOT '©«!, <4^ | «q8 I ^<M # Vide ante . i C\ " ?iwt I f^ftTftrr^^ ^^tw4ww =? i • * *r^r ^fafashli^r w^<ft *rfw: II II ^ vxmwzzmT l qftfq^*n*TT^m^*TT: *f*V- I 'wRfRiT^finTT^T^ cTWT Irq^qf^Tt i| ^\9\Q II ^^ftfTS^ITOT I JTsnrrew^rai: fa*tqf^;*fopRT: n n T^-^t ^WTWTrTT^T^T I ^j^TfM^^fnf»r: ■jtt^ ^irr ii ^\s«« 11 cR5WT I T^’TT^t q%fT W*% 'W •> ifi ^RVTsqif^ WITT qrc^qT^ qrzTT^ iXmim *4r ^at ^q fTW j qiiNft ^fw *rar^ qnf^ 1 1 ^\9 f I j i ***& i^y sffaqiq? rn qiT^, ifai^r, ^TrjTTjftsfi^ faz, i^rii qi|(, ^ 3 ; wiw qsfa q?TZqqtfT*fit WRT q^T* tWTT j 5^ V \ t:fn ^ f%f%Tr^T ^Rlf%fw qTijT q^<T ^T^T I I ^\Q\Q | | ^\9«c | A TREATISE ON GEMS 397 Translation 376. According to the authorities, the Emerald causes increase of wealth, brings about success in war, cures cases of poisoning, and renders successful the rites performed according to the Atharva-Veda . 377 — 379. The shade of an Emerald is seen to resemble the hue of one or other of the following eight objects : — The peacock’s tail, the wing of the Nilalcantha* yellow glass, moss, the glowworm’s back, the young of a parrot, fresh grass, or the Sirisaf flower. Emeralds which possess these shades, are superior. j ^ y c m 's ^ ^rt?r wtn <*{% Shades of the Emerald. I ^3t^53T ftfl l * A blue-necked jay. t Vide anti. 398 nfiffUT^T I I '3RW q^T^rf TTI^J ^r4f^T<TT II S^o II qq^qfq^T fqq I fTfT^- qfqsqw * II k*% II 3>fw*Tf# q^w<q qaqq ^fqfq: wfa<{ | qqK 3TT: qiTWqTfTfqq^q II || WiTig - fqqqqqj q'fsn ^ifjfT^lfyT Sifqqt qfqqiqq II 0 qrswr I ^rt qT*TT %TT% qqfq WTqTqqf, q^q ^X- 4fc ^ qf4q, q%q *ftq qqqft ^fq>qq qiqfa qrqqVq qiqiq qjTqiqq qnr qj^qqTqT qrfq ^ I ^«o I qiil ^qrq ft^tr zz WT^q qqj ^t^tt qT%^qT% qqqft ^ q^W qf% qrfrt# qfa | | qft qmT WSJ qi^q ^qT, ^WT fwt qi^ qmqfqqqi qrffir,qqvraT qi?n zt qnqqT i i N O >3 N x ( qq» fq>fqq% qiqqqi qf^qT f%qq qiqqqq*: f%qrq # ) q qr<r tqrc qqT wt^t- q% «zt qrerT qfqq *t ^Tqqr ^rcqq qrsn q^q^qjqf 'qVqT i 1 A TREATISE ON GEMS. 399 Translation. 380. An Emerald which is furnished with a shade like moss, which is of a fine color, and which is free from flaws, is a priceless gem, and is considered an antidote to poisons of all kinds. 381. Any gem excepting an Emerald found to be broken should not he worn ; — nay, should not be bought by one who has a care for his good. 382. Any Emerald which raises doubts as to its genuineness, should he rubbed against a real one, when the former, if false, will be broken. 383. Or scratch an Emerald with Lauhavnnga ,* and then smear it with lime. By this process a false Emerald will grow exceedingly dim, while a real one will attain additional brilliancy. i ^F-TT 'S *r#wrt*t¥ srfcR i -ow i | W f% =Tf I I a ffaro ^fm\ (^t<I Wm\ «rtc^) ^fsR mi ^iffaro i \ I * The iron pen with which an Uriya writes on his palm leaf. \ 400 FUsTIT I — qqftkqirT^q fq^TW II 3^8 II ^T^T 3T£T ^Hrf qr^fa qmqn I ^rm^q *K]^m wt fqqrnr ii k*l ii T^TOT tpH^TTT^T 3I5JT^rgq3Tl^ | qRWS«lfaqf rT^PWfa^k^irr II II I qTsIT 'Witt WT^ ^7TT, ^ITT ^FTT^TT^T TTST TTW VUST* qf"Tq T\ j *i 3 itt I ?*l I ^cR ^ifqrsR, q;q» ^TT^ qt^T topt ^t,<ff q^TwirqriNT ^pr sstt^t 'star i^f i f%*r ^q-q% qurra ^r^rf?r qifwq>qir ^pr qnr ^ttt #, toot qrifa ^tq*r q^?r ^pr w* ' T^TT l I w ^ qqrcpmrt fq'tfaa i fTrfts%^fqq<T 'WTfqffqq^q vq\ 11 3 ^ h Htqm i toot vw *ot qt ^T, A TREATISE ON GEMS. Tkanslation. 384. An Emerald which resembles in color the B held* fruit or PutiJcd is not classed with first-rate Emeralds. 385. A piitiJcd-colo\:c(\.-\ false Emerald on being rubbed with a piece of linen, will lose its brightness; and a false Emerald composed of yellow glass can easily be detected by its lightness. 386. If a Ruby and an Emerald weigh equally, the Emerald is the more precious. 387. That defect, the existence of which lessens the price of a Ruby, reduces that of an Emerald still more. (71 W Tl <3^1 ff^I ^1 ^rfatPi \ ^ i Wt 'S 4W& y ^ W ^1 iXj ? r ^ i i (71 CWtW ^TJ ^Tl W17a o\ otM ’itftiTT vst^fa *nrr i i ^f% ftJWG I * A certain fruit with which Hindu washermen mark the clothes, f A species of culinary plant. Y Y THE EMERALD. THE EMERALD. Its properties. HE beautiful green color which the Emerald possesses has not been sui’passed by any other gem. This color is in pleasing contrast with the lime-stone matrix in which the gem is found. Eormerly it was supposed that the color- ing matter of the Emerald was the oxide of chrome, but the quantity of chromic acid, obtained by Mr. Lewy, on analysis, was so small as to be inappre- ciable. He gives it as his opinion that the beauti- ful tint of the Emerald is produced by some or- ganic substance, which, lie imagines, is a carburet of hydrogen, similar to that termed chloropliylle, which constitutes the coloring matter in the leaves of plants. The Emeralds of the darkest tint con- tain the largest amount of organic matter ; and it is remarkable as a test that at a low heat the Emerald loses the color and becomes white and opaque, whilst the minerals of which the coloring matter is chrome (as the chrome Garnet, “ Uwaro- wite”) remain unaffected by intense heat. It is possible that the organic coloring matter of the Emerald may be derived from the decomposition of the animals whose remains are now fos silized in the rock which forms the matrix of the gem. This rock, as stated before, is a lime-stone slightly bituminous, often black with white veins, and con- fit*. A TREATISE ON GEMS. 403 taining ammonites and other shells. Mr. Lewy has also arrived at the conclusion that the Emerald has been formed in the wet ways, that is to say, it has been deposited from a chemical solution. This stone has the same chemical properties as the Beryl or Aquamarine — except in color, which, in the case of the latter, is light blue or sea-green. It belongs to the hexagonal system of crystalli- zation and is found in hexagonal prisms truncated at both ends. Its hardness is between 7’5 and 8. It is scratched by Spinel and can scratch Quartz with difficulty, (though specimens vary in this respect.) It is the lightest of all hyalines, its specific gravity being from 2 - 67 to 2’75, and its bulk is very large, compared to its weight — it being nearly double the size of a Sapphire of equal weight. It is transparent and its lustre is vitreous. It does not loose its beauty by artificial light. It is so brittle and is so soft just when it is taken out of the mine, that it crumbles by friction, but hardens by being exposed to the air. On account of this softness, it loses somewhat of the intensity of its color by long use. It possesses double re- fraction, though in a very small degree and acquires positive electricity by friction. It generally re- mains unchanged before the blow-pipe, and if it changes at all, it becomes a shade cloudy. With borax it fuses into a pale green substance much like glass. Acids cannot affect it, but it can be slowly dissolved with microsmic salt, (salt of phos- i 404 THE EMERALD. pliorus). It is composed of silica 68' 5 ; alumina, 15 75; glucina, 12-50; peroxide of iron, *1; lime, -25 ; oxide of chrome, -3 , the rest being made up of traces of magnesia, lime and soda. Its cleavage is imperfectly basal. Where found. The Emerald is now to be found in all the four j quarters of the globe. : Europe. — Emeralds of the finest quality have j been found in the Ural and Altai mountains. The first Emerald, found in this place (in 1830), was discovered accidentally by a charcoal-burner, at the root of a tree in the district of Perni, (east side of the Ural). A regular working of the bed, j which followed at once, resulted in the discovery of I several good Emeralds, (one of which weighed 101^ carats). The supply has now diminished. Several dark-green and six-sided stones are sup- plied by Salzburg in Austria. These are not so very transparent as they should be. Asia. — Several beds of Emeralds are found on the Chinese borders of Siberia and in parts of Burmah, in sands, or beds of small rivers, mixed with pure gold and Spinel. It is a matter of ques- tion whether India has ever produced Emeralds. Some that are sent to Europe bear marks of un- finished cutting, (evidently performed by the Indian lapidaries,) and have to be recut there, in j order, that they might have their proper beauty. j A TREATISE ON GEMS. 405 These are so very unlike in nature to those that belong to South America, that all conjecturers have been at a loss to account for their real locality. A large Emerald, of a medium-sized hen’s egg, presented to the Queen Victoria, by the King of Oudh, is said to have been found in Burmah. Africa. — Those found in Egypt are the most esteemed. Pliny mentions the rocks about Coptos, as containing the celebrated mines of old. Accord- ing to Mahomed Ben Mansur (13th century), the Emerald mines were situated on the borders of the land of the Negroes, which are still in the possession of the Khedive* De Laet points out the same locality in the 17th century. The mines most known at present are in the mountain of the Sahara, and the beds of the river Harrach (in Algiers), where it joins the river Qued Bouman. Some large specimens have been found in the Dolomite mountains. America. — This is the place from which the best Emeralds come. The conquest of Peru by the Spaniards has opened a rich field to merchant-jewel- lers. The conquerors got possession of several large- sized stones, one of which was as big as a pigeon’s egg. A large number of Emeralds was taken from the temple of the Sun. When one of the Peruvian chiefs fell into the hands of the Spaniards, he had on his person a collar of Emeralds of large size and of * This word is evidently a form of the Sanskrit word Khitipa , which means literally, Ruler of the land . 406 THE EMERALD. great lustre. They also took possession of the largo collection of Emeralds which had remained for centuries in charge of the priests of “Esmeralda”* — a large Emerald of the size of an ostrich’s egg, which was supposed by the natives of Manta Valley to have been the abode of the goddess of the same and which was worshipped by them on occasions of high festivals, by the offering of as many of her own daughters (small Emeralds), as they could afford to bring. A Dominican friar, who accom- panied the Spaniards, declared that the test of the true Emerald was its infrangibility. The ignorant soldiers, who knew nothing of the brittle character of the stones, began to put them to the test as dictated by the priest, by placing them under the hammer — the result being, as may be imagined, the indiscriminate destruction of a vast number of good and large Emeralds. It is said that the advice of the friar proceeded from interested motives, his object in diminishing the number of Emeralds obtained, being to sell those that he had collected for himself, to the best advantage. Most of the Emeralds now come from Santa Ee and the Tunka Valley, between the mountains of New Granada and Popagan. The Peruvians believed that the Erne- * Stevenson, in his “ Residence in South America, Yol. II.,” speaks of the neighbourhood of Las Esmeraldas, as follows ; “ I never visited it, owing to the superstitious dread of the natives who assured me that it was enchanted and guarded by an enchanted dragon, which poured forth thunder and lightning on those who dared to ascend the river ! ” A TREATISE ON GEMS. 407 raids ripened in the matrix just as the fruit does upon the tree; that it was first colorless, and became gradually green, that corner first, which faced the sun. In corroboration of this belief, Pierre De Rosnel, in his book published in 1664, speaks of a Peruvian, who had seen, in Cuzco, an Emerald, a corner of which was green, and the remainder purely white. Philip II. was desirous of obtaining this marvel, but unfortunately the owner of it had shortly before caused the white corners to be rounded off, thinking that this pecu- liarity detracted from its merit. The Emerald as known to the ancients. That the Emerald was known to, and much used by, the ancients, admits of no question whatever. It is called in Arabia, Zamarut ; in Chaldean, Ismaragdon ; in Greek, Smaragdos ; in Latin, Sma- ragdus ; in Spanish, Esmeralda ; in Prench, Erne- rande ; in Italian, Smeraldo. It will appear that the name has undergone but little change in its course through the various countries and that it is evidently derived from the Sanskrit term, “ Marakata.” Ornaments made of this stone have been excavated from Pompeii and Hercula- neum. Similar ornaments have been found in the ruins of ancient Rome and on the Egyptian mum- mies. Theophrastus says that “the Smaragdus pos- sesses also some peculiar properties, for, it assimi- lates the color of the water into which it is thrown to its own color.” “ It is also good for the eyes ; on which account, people wear ring-stones made of it, for the sake of looking at them.” Pliny writes about it at great length. In one place he says ; — “ It is said that the tomb of Hermias, a prince of that island, which stood on the coast near the Tunny- fishery, was surmounted by a marble lion, the eyes of which were made of these Emeralds, (a proof of their large size and little value), and shot forth such lustre upon the sea as to scare away the fish ; nor could the cause for a long time be dis- covered, until the gems in the eyes were changed.” The Emerald was for a long time called the Nero- nianus, on account of its being a great favorite of the Emperor Nero, who used to see the feats of the gladiators, through an eye-glass of Emerald.* Seneca speaks of Democritus of Thrace as having been possessed with the power of imitating the Emerald and of throwing the fire and color of this stone into a common pebble. Isidorus (Bishop of Seville, 630 A. C.) speaks of the Emerald thus : — “ It surpasses in greenness all green stones and even the leaves of plants, and that it imparts to the air around it a green shimmer ; that its color is most soothing to the eyes of those engaged in cut- ting and polishing the stone.” Psellos, in the * Maximilian II. was credited with the possession of a ring set with an Emerald, by the reflection on which he discovered one of his courtiers helping himself to the contents of a gold cup, (filled with ducats— a present to the Emperor), while all were occupied in looking at a grand show, out of the windows of the reception room. A TREATISE ON GEMS. 409 11th century, speaks of it ; — “ It is leek-green, playing easily into gold and blue, and that it has power, when mixed with water, to heal leprosy and other diseases.” An Emerald mine, unquestion- ably known to the ancients, was discovered in the mountains of Zebarah, ( near the Arabian sea,) by Monsieur Caillaud, a Erench traveller who had undertaken a scientific expedition, at the request of the Pacha of Egypt. He saw ropes, baskets, lamps, levers, tools and utensils of various kinds, lying about all over the place. The Persians used the Emerald, in preference to all other gems, for adorning their jewelled goblets. Ben Mansur says, “ several bits of Emerald united together upon one surface, by means of mina ( green glass) are called Astar.” This was evidently borrowed of the Ro- mans. The tradition of the Sacro Catino may have given the idea to the ancient nations. The Sacro Catino was the celebrated Emerald dish, which the Queen of Sheba had, along with other gems, offered to Solomon, (who deposited it in the Temple,) and out of which Jesus Christ was said to have eaten the Last Supper. It was taken out of Palestine by the Genoese Crusaders in the 12th century, and was pledged by them for 9,500 livres. It was afterwards redeemed and placed in the church of San Lorenzo, guarded by Knights of Honor and exhibited once a year with great cere- mony. It was then seized by the Erench and car- ried to Paris, where, after careful examination, it 410 THE EMERALD. | was pronounced to be a piece of green glass. At | tlie Congress of Vienna (1815), Victor Emmanuel, | the King of Italy, insisted upon having the sacred | dish, only for the purpose of restoring it to the j church of San Lorenzo. The Italians say, that the I substitution of the green glass for the real dish was | made by the guardians of the sacred relic, before | it was taken to Paris. j In the Middle Ages, the Emerald was used to < ornament church treasures. In the tiara of the \ Popes, there was an Emerald, one inch long and j lj inch thick. There was also a brilliant Emerald I in the Crown of Charlemagne. Ben Mansur divides the Emerald into 7 classes, | according to color : — I. The grass-green, (like the : beautiful color of the little worms that are often \ seen in the grass.) II. The Basil-green. III. The | Leaf-green. IV. The Verdigris-green. V. The i Euphorbium-green. VI. The Myrtle-green. VII. i The Soap-green, (which is the worst quality — pale, j opaque, and resembling frozen oil.) The Emerald has been in use amongst the | Hindus from time immemorial. They use it pro- { fusely in ornaments and fancy articles. It is used as a pendant for the ear and bracelet for the arm. Ranjeet Sing used a bracelet made of one of the finest Emeralds known. Emeralds are often drilled through and strung together to form beads or nose- rings. They are used in snuff-boxes or as paper- | slice, hooka-pipe, &c. A TREATISE ON GEMS 411 ^ Engravings on Emerald. Pliny says, that on account of its beauty and costliness, “ by the common consent of mankind, the stone was spared, being not allowed to be engraved.” The fact is, that engraved real Emeralds are seldom met with. A very few can be mentioned. One bore the intaglio bead of the Emperor Hadrian, another, that of his consort Sabina, a third, the beads of both facing each other. An intaglio head of the Solar Lion, in full relief, with open jaws, furious and life-like, was engraved upon an Emerald of a very fine color and lustre and of very great value. The Devonshire pa- rure also shows a very large and beautiful Emerald cut into a Gorgon’s head in high relief. The Per- sians were in the habit of engraving upon Emeralds the figures of eagles or beetles, believing in their power of procuring royal favors and of averting tempests. One of these charms had engraved upon it a head of Jupiter within a coiled serpent resting upon a crocodile, surrounded by the symbols of the Planets. The celebrated five Emeralds, which Eernando Cortez brought from the “Golden Castile” ( America,) and gave as a wedding present to his bride in 1529, were wonderful specimens of Mexican ingenuity. “ The first was in the form of a rose ; the second is in that of horn ; the third, like a fish with eyes of gold ; the fourth was like a little bell with a fine Pearl for the tongue ; on the rim of which was the inscription in Spanish, ‘Blessed is He "Who created thee.’ The fifth, which was the most valuable, was a small cup with a foot of gold, and with four little chains of the same metal attached to a large Pearl as a button.” Several texts from the Koran have been found on the Emerald. The Hindus have sometimes these stones carved into figures of idols. In his “ Narrative of a voyage round the world in 1835 — 6 — 7,” W. S. W. Buschenber- ger, M. D., mentions the following : — “ In the temple of Boudha, in Siam, there is the figure of the god two feet high, said to be cut of a single Emerald. This idol had two brilliants, flashing light through the temple, in place of eyes, which cost in Brazil twenty thousand Dollars. The value of the whole god s inestimable. I doubted its genuineness, but Prince Momfani assured me it was an Emerald, and not a Beryl as I suggested.” The Gutting of Emerald. The Emerald is cut on a copper wheel with emery and polished on a tin one with rotten stone. It is generally trap-cut. The object of cutting it as a brilliant, with rounded tables, is to disguise flaws which would otherwise come to view. The Eme- rald can be cloven at right angles to its axis. Ad- vantage is taken of this by the Indians, in whose ornaments flat stones of large size are often seen, — simply on this account. 413 ^ A TREATISE ON GEMS, The Price of the Emerald : its Flaws and Defects : In value, the Emerald ranks next to the Ruby. Latterly it has risen enormously in value and has become a great favorite, owing to its uniform pleas- ing effects, both by night and day. The price de- pends to a great extent upon its color ; for example, A light color, almost white, is worth 5/ a carat. Lightest green ... ... ... 20/ „ A fair body of color ... ... 100/ „ Good color, with flaws, from £10 to £15 „ Pure color and clear .... £20 to £30 „ Very fine dark color, velve- q ty, and without flaws, as > £50 to £60 „ high as ... ...*' A perfect Emerald should be of a rich, soft, lively, pure, meadow green and without any flaws. But an Emerald without flaws is a rarity. Perhaps there is no other gem which suffers more from in- equality of formation, color, transparency and from clouds and specks than the Emerald. The defect is inherent in the stone to such an extent that “ an Emerald without flaws” has become a proverbial ex- pression to mean unattainable perfection. Even the smallest Peruvian stone will show one or more specks when cut. In fact, the total absence of any flaws in it should put the would-be purchaser on guard, as there is no other precious stone •which can be more perfectly imitated in glass or counter- Imitations feited, nay, surpassed by paste. There were several \ pamphlets in Pliny’s time, which gave directions \ for making counterfeit Emeralds. The Rock-Crys- > tal had to be heated and plunged into Verdigris, dissolved in Turpentine. The Crystal became full j of minute cracks, into which the coloring fluid en- j tered and tinged the whole substance. Great care was taken in so forming the surface as not > to shew these cracks prominently upon it. A j large flat Emerald, if so held as to reflect the light, j will look as if it is silvered at the back ; its green j will disappear when its plane is brought to certain j angle with the incident ray and in the same posi- j tion it will exactly appear as a bit of looking-glass. \ This singular change is not to be observed in any : other colored-stone. Ben Mansur says, that an Eme- rald can be distinguished from the Jasper, the Green Laal ( Spinel) and the Mina ( green glass,) by its polish. In fact, the lustre of the Emerald even in the palest specimens is such as to make it j impossible to be mistaken for any other stone of j similar color. The ancient glass Emeralds were j far superior to the modern pastes, in color, lustre and hardness. A specimen of the former, found at Rome, had been recut and set in a gold ring. Some j jewellers, whenever they come across a fine green j paste, get it cut and facetted for a ring-stone and \ sell it for an Emerald to the inexperienced. The \ Cingalese are known to collect the thick bottoms j of wine-bottles, out of which they cut very good A TREATISE ON GEMS 415 Emeralds, which they sell to the sailors. The Brighton Emeralds are made of similar stuff. The lapidaries of the place purposely throw away the broken bottles into the sea, where, through the attrition of the shingle, they become transformed into natural pebbles and thus bring to the clever artists a good profit. Pebbles of Quartz are often mistaken for Beryls and vice-versa. If Emerald or Beryl, the fracture will be in planes ; if Quartz, it will never be in a straight line but conchoidal. Marvellous and Medicinal Properties. This stone was dedicated to Mercury and was supposed to bestow wealth, eloquence and a know- ledge of futurity. Used, as an amulet, about the neck, or set in a ring, it preserved women in child- birth and put evil spirits and vain terrors to flight. It was an infallible test of chastity and betrayed or punished its violation by flying into pieces. The following lines by Miss Landon was evidently sug- gested by this particular virtue of the stone : — “ It is a gem which hath the power to show, If plighted lovers keep their faith or no : If faithful, it is like the leaves of spring ; If faithless, like those leaves when withering. “ Take back again your Emerald gem, There is no color in the stone ; It might have graced a diadem, But now its hue and light are gone.” * * * * * 416 THE EMERALD According to an ancient author, “ he who dreams of green gems will become renowned and meet with truth and fidelity.” Even in the modern times, the fall of an Emerald from its setting has been considered an ill-omen. When George III. was crowned, a large Emerald fell from his diadem. The superstitious attribute to this — the loss of Ame- i rica during his reign. Being like all precious stones, “ of a cold, dry j nature,” the Emerald had very potent medicinal ; virtues. Applied to the lips, it stopped hemorrhage. When hung round a child’s neck, it prevented epi- leptic fits. It was a restorer of sight and memory. Where it failed to cure any disease or prevent any j evils, it shivered into atoms, “ being,” says Boetius ! de Boot, “ as it were, bound to expel the evil or con- fess itself vanquished in the combat it sustains.” He also gives directions for extracting out of Erne- f raids the coloring matter, which, taken internally, was considered a powerful remedy for many di- j seases. Amongst the medicinal virtues of the Emerald, he mentions its power of curing dysentry, epilepsy, venomous bites, and pestilential fevers, j and gives the following prescription for them : — J “ Pound the Emerald in an iron mortar, sift the powder through muslin, then cover it with spiritus \ urince ( Sal volatile) ; the spirit must he distilled \ off, leaving the powder of a grey color, hut which will communicate that of the Emerald to spirits of ; A TREATISE ON GEMS. 417 Celebrated Emeralds. There are few Emeralds which are known to possess any historic interest. A finger-ring, ( dia- meter, 1J X li inch), cut out of a solid piece of Emerald of the purest quality, with two Emerald drops and two collets set with Rose Diamonds and Ruby borders, once belonging to the Emperor Jehangir of Delhi, whose name is engraved on it — was presented by Shah Suja to the East India Com- pany, and was afterwards purchased by the late Lord Auckland, Governor- General of India. It is now in the possession of Hon. Miss Eden. There is also one in the possession of Duleep Sing, which is three inches long, two inches wide and an inch thick. It is of a rare beautiful color and with very few specks. It was, we believe, shown in the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Russian, Saxon, and Papal Crowns contain beautiful and large Emeralds. There is a Crystal of Emerald in the Austrian trea- sury which is said to weigh 2,000 carats. The Duke of Devonshire has one whose weight is nearly 9 ounces. It came from the Muzo Mines of New Gra- nada, near Santa Ee di Bogota and was purchased by the Duke from Dom Pedro. It is two inches in diameter and is of the finest color. It is still un- cut. There are some very good Emeralds in Bengal, amongst which we may mention those that are in the estates of the late Rajah Chunder Nauth Roy, of Nattore, of the late Baboos Rally Coomar Tagore 418 THE EMERALD. and Soobuldas Mullick of Calcutta. Amongst tlie jewels, belonging to the estate of the Hon’ble Maharajah Joteendro Mohun Tagore, Bahadoor, is an Emerald of about 31 ratis and of exactly the same color as the green grass ; another of about 9 ratis and a third of about 5, ( the last, without any flaws whatever) all set in rings. There is also a large stone set in a snuff-box and also one very beautiful paper-slice in the possession of the above Maharajah. One Emerald set in a ring, be- longing to the estate of the late Hon’ble Prosonno Coomar Tagore, c. s. I., has engraved upon it, its owner’s name in the Persian character. It is now in the possession of the Hon'ble Maharajah. ^P3T WCTTRi: I *T*W I \ C\ " qiwmr: 1 5TT?T ^JTfT xrq qftf%<Tiqfa: || A ^T*ftf%rT^ q^TT * ^TTw: I f%3^: *fr*rr*rcfi: II ^«c y 5f: ^ tr-f ^ qfjTT*rer^: ^t?t | qrfq ^spfhmn ^r Tm sifara: ** \\ n | ItW 5 wwftq •Jif^?r ^ ^wwT^rf^^T I tts«t f%«g ^ftwt *s7wi\ *r«rf?r y ^ i j ^T^TTTT Wt?T ^TTSHfiT SRFT I CTT.3WT I sfhgT qtertRf^ras’ar aft^T vw qTSTC^t xpqTR W ^ 't*, WTt ^W* tt*t afrfr trWmf%£ra , ir ^qq?qi qr^rmi %* *tH arr^rr ^r ^Nrare w ^x afr^r *iiir«r vw *fcrra* w- ^TTcrr I, w\x qn^rw Tfq-q ^r^r^T^r qre- ^riflT t, ^X W^fT 5 tWt Tt^ qR^^TffT % | ^TS. | ^(C I ^<Co I TwqT^t qfqgqqfrq qntir %' gwsrqjT q-qr qflT q^-’c^qiT w qr^prm^ aniR % I tsttw *bt^ qR xf^m q%R^" %^q\qp«?t ^ q<fif?r iwi A TREATISE ON GEMS. THE TOPAZ. Translation. 388 — 390. A certain ash-colored stone having a beautiful yellowish shade, goes by the name of Topaz. If it is red with a yellowish shade, it is called Kauruntaka ; if it is transparent and yellow with a pale-red lustre, it is called Kasdyaka ; if it is cool and white with a pale-red shade, it is called Somdlaka ; if it is deep-red, it is called Padmardga ; and finally, if it is deep-blue, it is called Indranila. 391. In worth and use, ( say the authorities) Topazes resemble the coral, — with this differ- ence, that by wearing a Topaz, a barren woman can get a child. TOtro >n?if59 TO to i crt oTOwf TO, sfrotfTOsi TOI- TO 3 TOtw TO, <7rtfc TOtro 's fat cTOTO TO, T TO ^1 lob'H'S^i^s.ol TOftTO* TO 5 !, TO '3 5i% TO’ faro* to Wi ^fTO wi TOtTOb TOr k>s^i I C\ " S^ft ^3: to* ¥wr^nnrfroi: 11 w • fqTtftaW ^?T3 tRT *rWt I g-tq-^TTr cpf%<T Twvrfsf: II 3 £3 II g^TTf^Tftwt^ afysi *r ^Jjfro I WT5TT ^gfTO ?I^ fam<ftmf%?*Tf%rTT II 3€8 II ?TC3WT I irm% ws tot^t qnfarfaftrj, fervor, gisrcrsr T^t irnraT q%r** ^ifa%WT*-TT 3 T^Nt«T Sh^T ^taRITOTT ffaT % I ^ I TmfT^fl' qf^ffi *rfa ¥R WfaT KW* WT^lTfqfWT, ^ffc iHWt ^ifaWTO g-^TTW ^tUT # | ^3 | fa* 7TC*fc sTT^W, ^fa, taq *ffa ^ ^Tfi t* > ^ <R^ i^TT5r*t w *rm ft*iT ^ «nft fafa*i ^t-^, wfaT *^3 3?*!I *nft WOTTOft WTCT ^ 1^8 1 A TREATISE ON GEMS. 423 Teanslation. 392. A Topaz, beautiful as the Sam * flower, transparent and smooth is sacred. By wearing this gem, a person who has no child may be blessed with one; and a poor man acquire riches. 393. According to the authorities, a Topaz which has a fine yellowish shade, and which is smooth, is excellent. 394 The Brahminical classification of castes holds also with Topazes : they emit white, yellow, whitish and black shades. \ i ’at* ''Q 's i ?rsf^ ^ ''Q TOTft* ^t%5TK t 85 ^^ I | t 85 ^ Ftf?f<WsT <4<T' %a, ^ ^ \g ^ ^ «Ja8 I * Cannavis Saliva. 424. flfjnUT^T I JT^sWI C\ !.*■ fSnjhwjfor ^TT^fi I *i •gwfa ^f^rftraW ^Tf^fir ii ^<$y wftrW ^ I fas$T3T UW IWTTTT* W^hRfi*Tjl ^«ef II cTC^fflT I wt ^t{?T WRTf^faT'S: ^\x W» *tt^. f%**» ^sn^nr* ^ft^r zr^r i^ttw qtT, *n®rct» w, ^r» ^*n; ^fk ^k<r ssit^t ■rtfa ^ i ^s.'i i *tt ^TpST fwZ^TT, sjWt ^'^T, ^T^f, ■sft^r ?Mf, q?*jw 5^qr, w TOW WTS tT I I acfcT g^sTCIW qqTH I p A TKEATISE ON GEMS. Translation. 395. A man, who wears a faultlessly yellow ! Topaz possessed of a beautiful shade, weighty, exceedingly cool, flawless, and perfectly round, reaps fame, heroism, happiness, wealth, and length \ of days. 396. That Topaz which is spotted, rough, \ white, yet dirty, light, void of lustre, and containing grits, is noxious. ^Tpf | C^I W*F, W srfiR, 'ssfct '« (Tft^lf^'5 I I |1% ■’iyrirM i B B B 426 THE TOPAZ. THE TOPAZ, Its Properties. P HE Topaz belongs to the trimetric or rhombic system of crystallization. Its specific gravity is greater than that of the Diamond — being from 3’6 to 4*2, hut it is next to it in hardness — being 8 in the scale. It is scratched by Diamond only and can very easily cut Quartz. It possesses double refrac- tion, though in a small degree ; acquires electricity by heat, friction and pressure, and retains it for se- veral hours. It is transparent and its lustre is vitreous. It is infusible in charcoal before the blow-pipe, but, under the influence of strong heat, the surface breaks immediately as blisters are formed thereon. With borax it fuses into clear glass and gets blue with cohalt solution. It yields hydro- fluoric acid by the application of sulphuric acid, but is not affected at all by muriatic acid. Its cleavage is perfectly basal, i.e„ it breaks with a flat surface at right- angles with or across the prism. The Topaz is generally divided into two kinds, ac- cording to the difference in the chemical composi- tion. Those called the Oriental Topaz, are composed of nearly pure alumina ; those known as the Occi- dental, contain little more than 57 parts of alumina — the rest consisting of silica and fluorine. A TKEATISE OK GEMS. 427 Where found : Varieties of the Topaz. \ The Topaz is found in almost all the parts of the world, though it varies in color and appearance in | almost every country, where it is met with. Next in importance to the Oriental Topaz, is that variety which comes from Brazil. Those from Yilla Ilicca < have a deep orange tint. The crystals, seldom ex- ceeding 2 or 3 inches in length, are generally found | in soft loose sandy clay. Those that come from the province of Minas Geraes, are found in rounded pebbles, perfectly pure and colorless. These are called “ pingas d’agoa” or “ gouttes d’eau,” or the | “Novas Minas,’* and, by the Portuguese, the “Slave- Diamond.” These are capable of much higher I polish than rough crystal. Some specimens of this kind have been found in Tasmania, where also some | blue and green ones have been discovered, though these are more water-worn than those of any other | place. Topazes of a fine pale-blue color are also found in the east of Siberia, together with Beryl, | Belspar, Quartz, &c. ; also in the Ural, north of Ka- j tharinburg, in Graphic, Granite and Albite. The Saxon Topaz, found at Altenburg, is generally of a clear, transparent yellow, extremely hard and very brilliant. It becomes perfectly white by being put ' in a small crucible or in a tobacco-pipe, covered with ashes or sand, and subjected to heat. It is also found in the Voigtland, 2 miles from Anerback, sometimes covered with a yellowish marl. The Bohemian Topaz is of a deep hyacinth and some- times of a brown hue. The so-called German Topaz is nothing more than a sort of glassy spar. The Topaz is also found in Connecticut, the United States, Peru, Ceylon, Asia-Minor, Great Britain, and Ireland, and the Hebridis. Professor Aaron Pick, and “ Pittdoli,” by Gese- nius, who ( the latter) thought, that it was de- rived from the Sanskrit word Pita ( yellow ) and that the Greek “ Topasion” is a transposition from i “ Pittdoh” to “ Tipdoh.” But the Topazion (found j in an island of the same name in the Bed Sea,) is not what is known as the present Topaz. Topazion is the modern Peridot, while, according to some. Chrysolite was the ancient name for the Oriental \ Topaz. The Topaz is one of the stones noticed in the Bible and was, in the Middle Ages, considered to be the emblem of Apostle James the Younger. It was also held in high esteem by the Greeks and The Topaz is cut on a leaden wheel with emery The Topaz as known to the Ancients. This stone was called in Hebrew, — “ Pittdoh,” by Homans. Cutting and Engraving. and polished with tripoli. The form of cutting is the A TREATISE ON GEMS. 429 fall Brilliant, leaving the table smaller and the bezil rather deeper than in the Diamond. The grain ( which is the technical expression for the cleavage | surface) is well nigh impossible to polish and it becomes necessary for the lapidary to take a small | angle from the cleavage plane, instead of cutting | it flat, in order that the highest degree of brilliance < might he obtained. Now-a-days, few stone-cutters | pay the necessary amount of attention to secure j the intense whiteness and lustre, which it should ornament. There are still to be found several intaglios engraved on this stone by the Greeks. The Em- peror Hadrian (Hadrianus Guildmus of Naples) was said to possess a Topaz seal-ring, upon which the following lines were engraved : — Pliny says, that this stone was found in the Alabaster mines, near the Egyptian city of Thebes. In the Bibliotheque Royal in Paris, is a signet-ring of Topaz, upon which the portraits of Philip II. Topaz, of a citron-yellow tint, which represents an f Indian Bacchus. There is in St. Petersburg a I specimen of excellent workmanship on the Topaz, have, and the consequence is, a well-cut Topaz has become a rare article. The Goutte d‘eciu, if cut as a Brilliant, with a small table, will make a beautiful “ Natura deficit For tun a mutatur Feus omina Cernit.” and Don Carlos, are deeply cut. There is also a 430 THE TOPAZ. upon which is engraved the Constellation of Sirius. A Persian jeweller is reported to be in the posses- sion of a Topaz amulet, through which the words “ Prom God alone is success” are bored, in Arabic characters. During his visit to Rome (1524 to 27), Cellini mentions, as one of the three finest antiques j procured by him from that place, a perfect Topaz, as big as a hazel-nut, upon which was engraved a : head of Minerva. But whether the stone was a real j Topaz or not is a matter of question. Its Price : Imitations. j The Topaz is not so much liked now as it was 50 years ago. The fact is, it is now only used in the cheapest jewelry, in the jewelling of common Swiss clocks and for optical purposes. The rough stones, used for optical purposes, realize from 5 to 10s. per pound avoirdupois. The pink Topaz fetches better value — the price ranging between 40s. to £20 per ounce, according to the depth of the pink color. The Topaz is called by different names according to the difference of color in the speci- mens : — The N ova Mina is colorless ; The Brazilian i Sapphire is light blue ; the Aquamarine is green- ish ; the Brazilian Chrysolite is greenish yellow ; the Brazilian Ruby is the artificially obtained pink ; or rose color. It should he distinctly borne in mind that the fine pink in the Topaz is not natural ; A TREATISE ON GEMS. 481 it is obtained by covering a brownish yellow Topaz with sand and putting it to a low red beat. The \ experiment can also be tried by wrapping up the stone in German tinder, bound with thin iron wire, and then exposed to heat, either by setting fire to \ it or by putting it before the blow-pipe. Those j which are of the peculiar brown color obtain this \ pink hue ; while the pale yellow ones become ; permanently white. The Topaz can be distin- j guished from the Chrysoberyl or a yellow Sapphire j by putting their electrical properties to the test. j A yellow variety of the Quartz is sometimes sold \ for the Topaz, but a careful reference to the charac- \ teristics of each will set the question of identity j at rest. The Cairn- Gorm (a variety of the Quartz) j is often called by the term “ false Topaz,” owing to its similarity with the stone. The Egyptian Topaz is sometimes passed off for the Oriental, but it is l less hard. The true Topaz should be of a bright j citron, and at times, of a bright clear gold color. The soft satin-like hue is the one most preferred. Marvellous and Medicinal Properties attributed to the Topaz. Like the Ruby, the Topaz was gifted with the power of giving light in the dark. A Topaz given by Lady Hildegarde, (wife of Theoderic, Count of Holland) to Monsieur Adelbert, was known to give such a brilliant light throughout the chapel where j it was kept, that prayers could be read without the j help of a lamp. According to the Ancients, the Topaz would become pale and obscure if it came in contact with poison. It soothed anger and quenched the heat of boiling water. It drove away sadness \ and night-mares, strengthened the intellect, shar- pened the wit, bestowed courage and if bound on the left arm or hung round the neck, set in gold, l it dispelled enchantments. If worn on the left hand, ; it preserved from sensuality. It was also supposed j to possess great medicinal virtues. When powdered ; | and taken in wine, it cured asthma, sleeplessness l and many other diseases. | Celebrated Topazes. $ < The finest Topaz on record is the one which Taver- | nier saw in the treasury of Arungzebe, when he j had an audience with that Emperor in 1665. It j | weighed 157f carats and was of an exactly octa- gonal shape, with two rows of small facets, along > 1 the top of the besil. It was purchased by the | Emperor, at Goa, for Rs. 1,80,000. \ The Braganza, of which fuller notice has been < | taken under the heading, “ Celebrated Diamonds,” j : is universally believed to be a white Topaz of un- i usual brilliancy and extraordinary weight. There | is a heavy crystal at St. Petersburg, which is \ I 4f inches long and wide, weighing 31ibs. A big j | lump of white Topaz, now in the British Museum, A TREATISE ON GEMS. 433 was many years ago used by a London Marine store-dealer as a door-weigbt, and afterwards sold by him for 3 shillings. Its weight is about 12 lbs. avoirdupois. There is, in the possession of the Hon’ble Maharajah Joteendro Mohun Tagore, Bahadoor, a very large Topaz, of a beautiful citron tint, weigh- ing about 103 ratis, of very great brilliance and without any flaws whatever. There is also one, with the Maharajah, which is of a smoke-color and weighs about 200 ratis. It forms the pendant to a neck-lace of his family-idol at Moolajore. ^urfa: f^qrftqwri: I Tmnnmrc q^T^fT w<tt ii ^ ea n dr fl^Tf^rlTsr^^^^Tfq^l 5 - ’ 5 TT^fgVT^^W^^Tfq¥^ : I TJW rl^ f^f^f^fW^TT- ^r%*: ^qfar *»qre: ^nww 11 3 T TNHOT I cHjSWT I TTSTw^mi q^n^- T 5 ? 5 ^ «TT *ft^TT q^^T 'fW t I ^'Q rll^I’T T^^rfacfiT W ^f% TPTT, ^tT ^faT*R:» ^c^qf ?!*rqrTT, ***■*:, sftaT q^> jm^q^rNT q^, qw^T qqir ^rq^TfqfmqiT qr^ qqrq ^ I ^ &.« I v % A TREATISE ON GEMS. 435 SAPPHIRE. “ Now glow’d the firmament With living Sapphires ” Par . Lost . B. IV. Translation. 397. The Sapphire is found in the country of Padmdkarci near the river Havana Ganga in Ceylon. 398. All Sapphires are not of the same color. Those found in Ceylon resemble one or other of the following objects : — The blue lotus, a cloth dyed in blue, a polished sword, the Bhramara ,* * * § Sri Krishna,! Mahadeva’s throat, J the eye in a peacock’s tail, the black apctrdjitd.§ *fW|- <2fc f rc*t ^ i i 'Q f I 'S5»b' I * The black bee. f A God analogous to the Cupid of classical mythology. His color is represented as beautifully gray. X The throat of the Great Destroyer of the Hindu Triad is blue. He swallowed the poison that arose at the far-famed churning of the ‘ Yasty Sea’ — along with the moon, the nectar ‘ the fair and lovely Sri * — the Impersonation of all lovelinesss and grace — Mahadeva took in the poison to save Nature and her works, but could not swallow it — a passage in Hindu Mythology rivalled only by the Sufferingat Calvary. § A name applied to several plants, Clitoria Ternatea, Marsilia Quadrifolia, Sesbania H£gyptiaca. 436 flfinurar | i C\ " ^ imsr*rcw trwifsraTrf- TwfFPr: fuf^TT^rirffi^T^r^T^ l o ^fWSTT II ^<*<® I ’ttiiwt: ii 8°° n 3*f <?pfcf TWi^ ftrrjft^rJTWTfq wt I rr^T ^hf ^TW’Jnf^ww g n a®^ n WTCT rf^fT 1TW ep^f* I ^mW n go^ it cfT5fflT | ^^RT ^rn> *Tfw, 7T^T, sffaw ^jf^T f^f^T stftfaWT W T# ^ ^JWfSi ^*TR TW T^fW* t^T ^fTm t I f%f%^T^»T q?J^T Tt<TT % I I 8 00 I fsHT Wr^THT, ^ ■%■% ^TT^TrT Ttw ^‘, ^ ?r^r ^t^tct tASt 4r* l ^w^*Tih?r 3 Y*tt, ^fft^TT, **^farra*r ij^rrsfajifa ^t ?nft TtoT % I $°\ i T'ft ^T^TfT^T ^Tr-5TT?T% wi^ui 5r§ WT^T ^ITflT I ; sfTIRWSTWcft WT^T, ^faf- W W WT^T, tsgw^ ^T.T WT*TT \1 s ' *rt wm ttt t i 8°^ i A TKEATISE ON GEMS. 437 Translation. 399 — 400. The * dark blue ocean/ the peacock’s throat, the bubbles of blue water and the throat of the mad Kokila * These kinds of the Sapphire are generally found. 401-402. A blue Sapphire with a white shade is a Brahmin ; a blue one with a red shade is a Kshetrya ; a Sapphire of the same color with a yellow lustre is a Yaisya; and finally a blue Sapphire shining in dark lustre is a Sudra. i fSrfa spratPt, supra srftral «rtx^ i 1 8 °o i ^rt^a® %r, %^<r ^rM^e 5 ^f«T mi j-zm I8oi && Ftf? $ftf% Ytn, <rw^x*R M%<i<ic s R h’SRc*^ mi fwtm Ytstxf I 80 i * Vide antd . I qWT q qqq I fT^TT ^ajqfqirqq: II 8®^ II qqj q*qqrTT '»TTm5Hf^#^T^*ra*TT qfq f^»r ii a° 8 n q^ q<W qq^cTTW W)T ’3TrT'7J% f^RIt I qtqqiq qqq qsr TT^i^ft^r: q q=Eqq ii goijj q^mr qfr*T*rg qftf^q: I ^TTsf|-^^aiT%TCr^ qfqqqqiqT II 8°^ I ^Tqrlf??rqTqfaw qf’# qtfqiqqi f^: ^Tq^qT^qT^TW: qw^TqTsfqqtqq | cm qftftrlTqilT^I^t qfKq^fi q^T.’ II 8°^ II qqqqi I q^q, qsrq qfa qmfq qffqr, qrfc fqqr ^qirqi fqqiqq f%q q?:%q tppTTq fqq f%fqqqiT Tt?IT $, ^ r|T%« faq f%fqqqRT 'strfT t I 8°^ I for* ^q^qqr qHq qqiq ^t^t fq%qfq =f , qq ^qtq q^<r % qq ¥\ ^qqiqTq fqqqq q^rff. fqiqqqft fqqqT q qft ^q'fa ^qq ^qnfaqr ^qq nrqq qrqrq Sqqft qfaw q^t> qq«fit *r?Tqfa qtqrq t* 1 8 «=y i ^ ^ wr qtqw> T^qfa ; qfr qr^qft- qiqq, qq q^raq ; q> qf^qf , q^ tJT^r ; q> wm q^qiqqfaq^q qftq wt^T ^w, q^ qqqiq ; qr> qtqnqqfqi^q qt^T qT^T, q^ gqraq qfk qft gqmq qrqrw "rtqq qr^qTm *v N \3 A TREATISE ON GEMS. 439 Translation. 403. As Rubies are good, middling and bad, — so it is also with Sapphires. 404. That Sapphire whose interior gleams with the iris, is a rare gem of priceless worth. 405. That Sapphire which being thrown into a quanti ty of milk a hundred times its bulk, paints the whole mass with its native blue, is entitled a mahdnila. 406-407. Of gems, those which are blue, are Sapphires ; those which are red, are Rubies ; those which are green, are Emeralds ; those which are red with a shade of yellow are Kasayas ; those which are ash-colored with a yellow shade, are Pushpardgas ; those of the last which are red, are called Kcmran- dakas. I si«rcsr 'Q TOW cro TO? I 8=d I Wfrcsnr ^rt?r wM c^TO brew r fWW TOf 18 = 8 1 a TOH ^<11 ftsftfcRW to, toi 8=4i %R<>ssWtirl ^#W; g \ CWfroi TOW ; \sTOI TOtn ; ^Wtirl *JTOW C*\\ ^TOW CWfTO< T (7^<W iRTl ^?Tl I 8=<b I 8 = 0 I JRfinJTraT I 1 440 jtw i C\ **» W ? WTff ^ t^k: I T^fhn II 8®^ II irtws^ jfRifu^rrt Tj^:: i w ' i ^Pr%*mfir T9T?f^i|: || 8 ®<5. II *remirffa^rt "ft Rvft^T ftr^rt fa *• I wfaft *TR iffafts* II 8 \° II •TfawT 5JW | tT?^WT I twiner, ^ ^ Tft^ TROTHT TJWgw ^ I 8°^ I Wt T 5 ?^ Wt^T> ^tW5T¥ *TPft, ^Wt f ^ ¥*j Tjif SfiTftT t* ; fa*T% vft* TR^TT 'Ttfa fa^f m T* ; fa** T^^ffa ^farT^t ^■ff ^^TT ^ I 8°<® I 3gcp?i ^ *tr*R ^rfa- w fanirT fasw, ^wt srofar ’t* ; *rafaT srftifa *R >ifT5q-^t I 18^ °i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 441 Qualities of the Sapphire. Translation. 408. Weight, coolness, depth of color, the quality of being pdrsvavartl * and beauty, invest a Sapphire with matchless worth. 409. That Sapphire which combines great weight with small bulk is called Guru f : such a gem con- duces to increase of family. That which always gives out moisture is called Snigdha.% A Snigdha Sapphire brings on accession of wealth. 410. That Sapphire which, on being exposed to the morning sun, flames in a blue effulgence, is termed Varnddhga. It brings prosperity. m I fTO, 's ^ I 8 °b j | (71 gift's 'SOT ^ifw xsirtw *rt 5 i 1 1 8°s> i «ft<b1 7F%«T (71 ^i, wl ^ff^l TllTl ff% £|t<5T ^1 |8>| # See page 443. f Literally heavy. J Vide ante . D D D 442 nfitwrar i JT’SJJT I C\ - cj-^ tw*T I qm%?T 3^8R$: qr 3 ^ 0 qqrf 3j^r:jr^: II 8\\ II qjpre q^i ?r*{%q ^frii-fT i qT*r qfatsq ?sfh?qr?fqrqfq: II II qq^lTfa q^ I ^^rq^yr^reT prefer ’qq? qq ^r i ’V^nr&fosiTfa *Tfpft#q ^q<q II S\^ II cfpWT | ! far* qq? qnr»v mfz?\, ^q\ wtm 'W*! ^«fiVf: ^q>^T5ri q^TW t:WI WR, ^^TJST j STT^ qT?q qTff qsrwf ^ ^TW^rFf q>^?T t ; qi^% j 5 TT* 2 Td 'gHrl f I 8 %% I j fTTqiq irorw q?^t» qiq ^ ; T ^qi ?~%- qfW qT^ qfTq^TTqq\ y% q>Tw ^ I 8U i ^fkttqiT I \ ^raqs, qi^, fqqrq? *iunw qfo sret wqqiT^T ^qq i^qkr» ^<n % I 8^ i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 443 Translation. 411. That Sapphire through which any lustrous substance such as crystal, silver, gold, is seen, is entitled parsvavartl. Aparsvavartl Sapphire brings on fame. 412. That Sapphire which, when placed in a pot, darkens it all through, is called Ranjalcci. This gem increases wealth and is conducive to fame and increase of family. Defects of the Sapphire. 413. Avraka, Trdsa, C'itraka, Mrklgarva , Asma- garva and Rauksliya are the six defects of Sap- phires. I (71 <4<R7fC*f CTO TO ^ 1 8^ i (71 (7TO *TTO TtTO ^f?R7T ?to< TO*i to, TOTO TO am, ^sTO Wm\, 'Q TO TO I 8 V A i i 3ft 3 !, tTOf^, ^PTO», 'Q (TlWl, cTO ^af^r TO? I sx> i j WWW I > <1 > S w?*ww wzw 3?%^ w^wwfwfw ww I 5 ' ^ cl / WTWWW^t WWTfrTWTWWW fcRSlfw II 8^8 II \ ^ i W^WWWWtJTWW gff%WW WWW I fwwww w;wTOTfw fwww: f wwtww: It 8 ^ || wirowr WW^T w^W TWWtfw% I | wfwWTWWw wtw ww^ftwwww www 11 8^ II <£ N N > ) > > > > > | ; cRTWJW I | ( ? fsTO T^wtww WiTOW f^w W 'W^WW WWIW WTWT N -v 5^ \ WTWW Tt, WWWf W*WW WWWW; WW,W*WWT T*?- wlw q%ww% wwr ’wfa <ftww wiw wtfw w i 8^8 l faro fwwTww wftww wtww wV» WWwt WTO WWW W ; WTO W?$WWT ^TW wtzwwtw wiwwmwi wftw ww^t wtwt % I wft | w^wN wit^wtowt w twwt wt, ww v wt wtw j fwwW; f*WW WTWWWT fWWTWTOWTWT j II8UI | f~WWW wtww flf¥ WT%W *f WT WfWW wfa, WWWT W^WW WWW w" ; W37TO WJWWWT WtwT fww- ! <s v i- ^ ) \ f^wt fawpft WW^T WWW W* I 8^1 ! " > Wf ^ @Fkz.- ; jJ-'Q) % A TREATISE ON GEMS. 445 Translation. 414. A Sapphire the surface of which wears a \ j mica-like sheen, goes by the name of Avraka. | Such a gem brings about loss of wealth and life. 415. That mark in a Sapphire which at first sight looks like a rift, is called Trasa.. A Trasa renders one liable to bites. That Sap- rhicli is party-colored, is called C'itraka : it loss of family dignity. The Sapphire which contains dirt, has the et of Mriclgarva. This gem produces a of skin-diseases like itching. TO, ^ 's TO I 8^8 | ^ TO1 dfTO Cdtd •rrdt<n: s f fslro, 'StTO TO 1 to<f, cTOr I 8^4 i j ) !> TOtd wTOd TOlro dTO, ^rtTO¥ I 446 TPSTWI C\ " 1^?T IT^TW W f44rifli<T I wSnftrftni w q>fw?r ft: I flf^’sjfT ^Ipqpraf II 8\^> II ftf W Jm*rfw: I *J^T w Wrf^r II 8^11 v^ffr I ^fl^t graf *rart qff’Wb ¥f**T ^ qf?r II 8l<* ! fT^TW^ t ffaTt ”ii: I *r-Rq: ii s^° n ctt.^wt i fire q^qiT wr 'ar^TT *rr<jre % ^ *N J ^ <N ^ W£, ^^iT •TTST 'srerew qj^fT ’W , ^sqqWf «TT^rr ^rre ^T^r^r?iT ^ I f*re N 5r fqfaifi ^*rre fire i\, ^ref <T f ’f ^ *V, t\w q^?r t' ; fN? ^%4 ^t wr q%r, w s «t^ir Wt^qiT 'rf l a vs l ?Nift TTpfk^fw fwqqi q^r tiP, ^wj- wt, *rp , ?fk irrer^ «nfT 'rtf I $%* \ wt ^n<pt q%cm =? , ^iroqw ^kr ^tm # ; ^V< wif^re* ^N, fp?r qfk *^4 'rtf i 8^<? i !*TfWF qfTCT^ q%r^ Wt qfffT ^>4T fwf^r T^qtw q%\%% qret qre^i 'stor#, ^ifniq» q%^% wt qft^riiT Ttm tT, wqfir qt^jre Wf^tararre ffai #1 8^° l A TREATISE ON OEMS. 447 Translation. j 41 7. That which contains gritty fragments, is called Asmagarva. This defect is destructive. That which is rough, is called RauJeshya. Banish- j ment is the consequence of wearing this jewel. 418. A flawless, sterling Sapphire brings its wearer, strength, fame and leugth of days. 419. The man who wears a Sapphire of spotless j chastity, finds favor with Ndrdyana * and acquires | longivity, family dignity, fame, understanding and j wealth. 420. Those good and bad consequences which ! follow the wearing of a Padmardya combining ! good and bad qualities, are also produced by the wearing of a Sapphire of a like nature. wr* cwtd foitcfa i ciWj to, tromTfT TO ^ I 8^ I «ttre, ^ i i (7i fan qti e i to, TOW i2ff% ^«T, *1*1, ^ I 8^ I SHTO*! <i7R TOfa TOW TOW (71 A iC l 'S (7 cTO ^b TO? 1 8 ^,° i ^TOt I * The Preserver of the Hindu Triad. 448 ; jt^w i \ -n * " J f faceT^T feT’C 4t I j I f^WS II II i ff^I^^T^Trft q^Wq^ffi: I \ < \ ci <) $ ^T?rft *rfnnr3T?r 11 g^ n ^T^WrTT ?PT rf^T fzffH^f^ri: I j ' 0 \ ^ T-TK’inrr^w ^r> tr^rsw II 8^ ll ^<T q^JTTTO W^TlW^f TO* | l ' $ TO^pir^r * # | ^WTOTTgf%<T^r I 8^8 II j ) l s ? | CT^HT I | *rr^r w vfqq ^twt ^lf%%5 ^I^f«T Sfipre ^RTJTT ^Tf%q 18^1 i W** ^x4\ *T W3iT ftfTT ^fa WT^TfwfaTS’ «rt qfnj qq^T TtfcT ^ , ^r%t S -s ^ N i I ^<T ? I 8^ I | | T^*r qt^T ^r wtqqihr ^fTMT *TT^r*T ! * \ •rt, f^ff^T q?¥?r V ; faff* ^fTTW *rfw ^f*r^ ^fNr Tfw q^<r ^i^nrq \ ^ ; * I W I ( < _ > WW T^J’IT^Tq-g' q^TCiq TffwqiT ^ ^T*T Vt<TT ^t, I’lrqwTfT ^t*t Ttm #1 8^8 | l > *fcr qtw^T qJlR I A TREATISE ON GEMS. 449 Translation. 421. A Sapphire is distinguishable from glass by weight and hardness only. 422. A shining gem which is found in Sapphire quarries, resembling the Vramara, and furnished with a shade, is called Vramara. 423. That Sapphire which shows a dash of red, is called a Tittiva (amethyst). No sooner a woman who is in her family way, wears a Tittiva than she is delivered of her child, with perfect ease. 424. The price of the best Sapphire is equal to that of the best JPadmardga. ^<7® *it<n i i TO(7I ^TO<1 TO H ft% 'S TOr i (71 ^ TOftTF TOl ^ TO I 8^ I (71 i ^%?l ^ (TTff^TO ^1, TOtlTF TO *lTO <2^ TO 1 8*o I | TON *1% (TITO ^fTJ xstft ^TI I 8*8 I ■TObr i 'e TO to» ^SftTOtWt #1 E E E THE SAPPHIRE. it Its Properties. HE Sapphire is a variety of tlie Corundum and SSH is of the same composition, hardness and electricity as the Ruby, differing from it only in color, which varies from white to the deepest blue and black. The true Oriental Sapphire is of a clear, beautiful, azure blue, ( of the shade formerly called “ Bleu du roi,”) soft, rich and velvety, neither too light nor too dark. But the blue is seldom pure or spread all over the stone. It is sometimes mixed with black which gives it an inky appearance ; and sometimes with red, which, though difficult to be seen by day, can be found out by candle-light. Sometimes a Sapphire is found exhibiting a variety of colors. The asteriated or Star Sapphire is usual- ly of a greyish-blue color, and shows, under the microscope, “ thread-like shafts, directed towards the faces of the six-sided prisms, said to be spaces left at the moment of crystallization ; and it is the re- flection of light from these which gives to the stone its star-like brilliancy.” “ The Star Sapphire is also known under the title of Astrapia (lightning stone), from its supposed action in a colorless or an azure ground, sending out, as it were, rays of lightning diverging from the centre.” A TREATISE ON GEMS. 451 Where found. j In former clays, Sappliires were found in Persia and Arabia. The best stones now come from Mo-gast and Kiat-pyan, in. Burmab, and from > Siam. Those that are found in Ceylon are small- sized and rather rose-colored. The blue Sapphire is found in many parts of North America. A fine red Sapphire is said to have been found in South America, with the Diamond. Specimens of the j blue and white Sapphires are found in Ballarat, ( in \ Victoria ) and near the Pearl river in New South j Wales, Australia. The Sapphire is also found in \ several countries of Europe; on the tops of the j Iser Mountains in Bohemia, and in the beds of the river Iser; also in Saxony and Saxon Switzerland. I ' > > Sapphire as known to the Ancients. Tiie Sapphire of the present day was known to > the ancients as the Hyaeinthus. Pliny believed, that j it was so called on account of its resemblance to . the colour of the flower of the same name. Soli- \ nus says : — “ Amongst these things (in Ethiopia) of which we have treated, is found also the Hya- cinthus of a shining cerulean color ; a stone of \ price, if it be found without blemish, for it is ex- \ tremely liable to defects.” What was called Sap- \ pkirus by the classical authors now goes by the name of Lapis- Lazuli. Sap phire was, in old Ara- bic, termed “ Sappeer,” to scratch ; and in the l Syriac and Hebrew languages, it was called by 452 THE SAPPHIRE. c < l \ \ < < ( similar expressions, — probably, on account of the great hardness of the stone and of its power of scratching any other stone, ( except, of course, the Diamond.) According to the Ancients, those Sap- phires which were of an indigo or very deep color were the male ; the pale blue ones, the female. According to Ben Mansur, the Jacut had six divi- sions ; viz., the red, the yellow, the black, the white, the green or peacock-colored, and the blue or smoke-colored. Sapphire came under the last heading — blue, which had three sub-divisions, viz., the light blue, the Lapis-Lazuli blue and the indigo blue, each of which, again, had peculiar grades of tint. Engraving and Cutting. The Sapphire being a very hard stone renders itself difficult of being engraved upon. There are still to be found a few specimens of the ancient intaglios, amongst which may be mentioned a magnificent head of Jupiter. This stone was one inch in diameter and was quite accidentally found in the pommel of a Turkish Dagger. In the Marlborough collection is found a Medusa’s head in nearly full face, engraved on a very clear and beau- tiful Sapphire ; also, the head of Caracalla, on a stone of f- inch in length and ^ in breadth. A large pale stone was seen in 1860, in the hands of Mr. Boocke, on which was engraved the figure of an actor in front of an altar, with another actor °> t ; A TREATISE ON GEMS. 4 53 ^^ imitating his gesticulations. The Signet of Cons- tantius II, a Sapphire of 53 carats, represented that Emperor as spearing a large wild boar, before a reclining female figure. There was another stone, heart-shaped, of a beautiful color and in dimensions, lately seen in the London market, on which was engraved the figure of Hebe feeding the Eagle. Amongst the modern works of Art may be mentioned the portrait of Pope Paul III, executed j on a beautiful Sapphire, f of an inch square. There is also one pale Sapphire of an octagonal shape, upon which is the bust of Henry IY, with the initials C. D. F., engraved upon it by Coldore. In the cabinet of Strozzi, in Rome, is a Sapphire, upon j which is the profile of Hercules engraved by Cinclus. A Sapphire has also been seen in England, on which are engraved the crest and arms of Cardinal Wolsey. The Brilliant-cut shows the lustre of the stone to the best advantage. I Its Price : Flaws cmcl Defects : Imitations. Sapphires do not, like the Rubies, rise in value according to their size, but like the Diamonds, in j proportion to their color, purity, and symmetry. When a Sapphire is too thick in proportion to its surface, its value is not to be estimated by the weight it actually possesses, but by the weight it should have, if it were properly proportioned. A fine, perfect, evenly-colored, spread Sapphire, > under one carat, if English, cut, is worth from £4 to £12; if foreign cut, from £2 to £5; if, of one carat, from £12 to £25. The value of j the Star Sapphire, (which the Hindus did and do hold in great veneration), if small, is from £2 to £10 ; if large, from £10 to £100. A really fine j Sapphire should appear blue, as well by day as by night. It has often been noticed that two Sapphires which appear to be of the same color by day, differ widely, by night. “ In many of these stones, where the color is partially dark, the lapi- dary has a method of cutting, by which he takes away the dark colored part, with the exception of a small spot reserved for the cullet, whilst the upper part of the stone is perfectly white ; so that when such a stone is looked at from the table, it < will present a most vivid hue, often superior in appearance to those stones which are colored throughout. If the stone be held in a pair of ordinary forceps — or corn-tongs, as they are termed in the trade — an inch beneath the surface of clean water, the parts of the stone colored and uncolored will be distinctly apparent.” This test might advantageously be applied to all other stones. The Oriental Sapphire is most highly admired and is consequently of very great value. A perfect stone of this species, weighing about 3 carats, fetches even far higher price than a Diamond of j similar weight and quality. But, like the Emerald, it is rarely free from imperfections, which generally A TREATISE ON GEMS. 455 consist of clouds, milky semi-opaque spots, white glassy stripes, cracks, knots, a congregating of ; colors at one part and silky flakes on the table. The spots are sometimes removed and the color > equalized by burning the stone in a crucible, with j sand and iron filings, but this process involves serious risks. The white Sapphire resembles the > Diamond to such an extent, that when well cut > deception can be detected by taking the specific gravity of each, or by testing the hardness with another Sapphire or with a Diamond. The pale Sapphire, by being rendered perfectly colorless by exposure to a regulated heat, and thereby made to acquire great lustre, has often been sold for the real Diamond. The distinction between this un- colored stone, the white Topaz and the true Diamond can always be made by remembering the fact that neither of the two possesses the iridescence which the Diamond always exhibits when catching the light at a certain angle. The doublets or semi-stones are counterfeit stones composed of two pieces of crystal, with a color between them so arranged as to make the whole substance appear colored. These are often made use of to cheat the inexperienced. The color may partly point out the imitation ; and more specially, the inspection of the girdle, where the inferior stone has been joined. The top of a Sapphire is in some cases genuine, and the under part, a gem of less and polished, it may pass for the latter. The s 1 value, as for instance, Garnet. Sometimes the under part is glass, artistically joined with the top, with cement. In this case, the application of the file to both the parts at once detects the imposition. Stones that are of a pale color or of little lustre are generally set with a back, often with a colored foil, to add to their beauty. Those that are set “ azure” or open, have the interior of the setting enamelled or painted, to throw a tint of color into the gem. The doublets are often sold by the Cingalese at Colombo, to Europeans and to the passengers by the P. & O. Co.’s steamers. Sometimes blue glass, cut into facets, are sent there from Birming- ham and Paris, in order that they might pass for real Sapphire and stones of similar color. Marvellous and Medicinal Properties attributed to the Sapphire. Epiphanes mentions that the vision which ap- peared to Moses on the mount was in a Sapphire and that the first tables of the law, given by God to Moses, were of Sapphire. It was dedicated by the Greeks to Apollo and was, when consulting his oracle, worn by the inquirer, on account of its divine nature, which was supposed to secure him an early and favorable answer’. St. Jerome, in explaining the 19th chapter of the prophecy of Isaiah, states that the Sapphire procures royal favors, softens the anger of the enemies, frees people from enchantment and obtains for them A TREATISE ON GEMS. 457 ^ release from captivity. If placed on the heart, it jj impure thoughts. Owing to its coldness to the | touch, due to its great density, it was thought to have the power of extinguishing fire. It “ is said to grow dull, if worn by an adulterer or lascivious • person,” or by an intemperate man. If “ worn in \ a ring or in any other manner,” it “is able to I quench concupiscence, and for that reason, is proper to be worn by the priest-hood and by all persons vowed to perpetual chastity.” For this > reason, perhaps, this stone has been used, to adorn the episcopal ring of office, from the commence- ; ment of the Middle Ages down to the present time. The ring of the Abbot of Folleville, the oldest ecclesiastical jewel yet in existence is set w T ith a large Sapphire. Great medicinal virtues have been attributed to the stone. Placed on the heart, it cured fever ; on the brow, it stopped hemorrhage. It was an excellent preserver of eye-sight. If Sapphire powdered and made into a pill, were placed on the eyes, it would draw out any dust or small insect or any other foreign substance that might have fallen into them, and cured them also of inflammation or irritation by small-pox or any other disease. The application had to be renewed daily for sometime. If the powder were taken internally with milk, it would prove a sovereign remedy for pestilence, fevers, poison, hysteria, &c. The Sapphire is such a deadly enemy to poison that bestows strength and energy. It prevents evil and FEE i } Celebrated Sapphires. \ A very large Sapphire of 951 carats in weight, of a beautiful blue color and without a single flaw \ . ° \ was seen by the English Ambassador, who had, on some occasion, been sent to Ava. In the Miisee de Mineralogie of Paris, is another very beautiful an<i \ flawless Sapphire, weighing 132 tV carats. This stone, called the “Wooden Spoon-sellers,” from the occupa- j tion of the poor man of Bengal who was credited with j | its discovery, came somehow in the possession of j the House of Rospoli in Rome, and subsequently of a German Prince, who sold it to Perret, a French \ jewellei’, for 1,70,000 francs, a sum known to be far : j less than its true value. It is lozenge-shaped and has six faces. The treasuries and regalias of Europe contain some very good Sapphires. There are also \ | some large and beautiful specimens to be seen in j ( the Green Vaults at Dresden. Amongst the seve- \ ! ral valuable stones to be found in the Russian trea- \ sury is one of a light-blue color, which once be- j longed to Mr. Hope. There is one Sapphire of j considerable beauty and size in Vienna. An English \ lady had a large-sized Sapphire, which she sold and replaced by such a skilful imitation as to hood-wink ; the jeweller, who estimated it, for probate duty, at j £ 10,000. The disappointment of the legatee, who A TREATISE ON GEMS. 459 came in possession of it, after paying the legacy duty may well be imagined. An oval Sapphire and j a drop of a considerably large size and of great purity, belonging to a Russian Countess, were \ shown in one of the Paris Exhibitions and attracted ; the notice of all. Several magnificent Sapphires, from the collection of the late Mr. II. T. Hope, were shown in the London Exhibition, where also j Mr. A. J. Hope exhibited his well known “ Sapphire Marveilleux,” which is blue by day and amethys- \ tine by night. There is a very large Sapphire, ( partly drilled ), in the State Crown of England, \ purchased for it by His Majesty the late King George IY. A very good Sapphire was once seen with a Mo- hunt of Mirzapore. Rai Buddree Dass Mokeem has in his possession a small and beautiful stone setjin a ring. The Hindus have a prejudice against this stone j and consider it to he the bringer of misfortune. In consequence of this notion, some of them would in- variably keep a stone on trial for several days before they would make final settlement with the sellers. Hence, perhaps, the paucity in the number of Sap- j phires in their possession. \ 460 to rr«T^r l jnsiw i C\ *- ftpSJT f^fT*. ’STOfiPinj ^T^?rwwT ftf^n: i ** ri^I^f tot: qfw. II 8x1 it fq^rinr l *far w far? qro fafW \> s> osn^rif^fi^qiT^sT 5T rjfa*nfa i 8 ^ n TO rJTOT wr I crow! i farar, ■srcr? vw, w» ^rf^TO t*sfa£ ^Tsfr^r ’sffa WW, ^T TO, spfifRi WsJcT ^?ST % 18^1 TO% W^T ^TTO *T|% ^stt«t q?*t WTf tw , **tpt "grt^TT <row, ^tr% ^^qr, sffaw tow *j%<? qnlriqf ^ ^ N qmq;T *tt'3t %, irfaq totto% t^TOT ^?fa* Ttm i s^f i A TREATISE ON GEMS. 461 CHRYSOBERYL. Translation. 425. A Chrysoberyl which is cool, pure, uniform- ly colored, slightly yellow, heavy, singularly fine and free from such defects as Trasa, is the best of all. 426. A Chrysoberyl which is blood-red, pale like the moon, slightly yellow like honey, light-red like copper, yellow, bright like fire, blue, or white, purges sin away ; but sometimes has not that glitter which it has, owing to the defective art of the | lapidary. l > / I tow, | I 8^4 I | c^rtto rsti ^t<i ^ to to, to ctoto to, to Txtoto Cto to ftftoto ^ Wl I 8^ I r ^rTMrl^friqqiTW I qifqRraRJrT- wsvm.% IS*'® II iCTfcrroa^pr wfw*nwfnT qiiiVjr 5fTi m i ’TfefrTT M^TR^IT^ - n filwft^-^T: TT^rfT ^fq $ Mqfsrl II 8r^ W ?im qf^ qftf^q^^q TT^H^T^^f^^TqiT^qqiTlf I fi^tTr^^r Mfwan^rfq^T *rfwT g^Tirr gf%?r^ q>T^r’ il 8^<$ 1 ?IT5WT 1 qrqfriqi 7Tf% q^M Sfirifi 7T% ^wqT ¥T?IM q%T%$ q^cl. ^T=5®T MTMM ^t<TT *k ^k qif%gq^ ftqqft *n”sj 5R\fiT t> Wk ^qft ?ff qiTffi % I 8* 3 I qfr fam^T q^nfwqwr^ qilfTqi q%rrTT t, *rforwi*^ qfsifli %frx qs?<T Mil sTT^TMT, * 4 k ^immt wit t 1 8^1 qjSRfiqi Mfw qsiMT qft^T f^T^MT WMfqfw* qffc MMTM ’Mlf’^ MTM, <ft *W*TTt§t m?i% ^qrc ^msrt ^tm qjkR^ mmim ^MT I I *fcT qvqrqqi^T qqiM J A TREATISE ON GEMS. 463 Translation. 427. A Chrysoberyl when set on gold and worn on the neck or the hand, is very fine to look at, re- moves diseases and various vicious properties, and increases life, family and happiness. 428. The man who wears a sterling Chrysoberyl free from every defect, is honored among men, ac- quires wealth, friends, fame and contentment. 429. If the color of a Chrysoberyl challenges scrutiny, and if it flames like the sun, it fetches ( so say the authorities ) a price proportionate to its weight. '<■ TOT ^ to «rt^, ■€ to I 8 V* i TO fafsPs *ftl e l TO, (7f 's f^x ^<i i 8>y i to%i ^ tot? wts ^ 151 ^TO<1 I 8^ 1 ^^rpr 1 tf% I THE CHRYSOBERYL, Its Properties. HE Chrysobervl, otherwise called the Orien- tal Chrysolite, is a brilliant stone, the color of which, varies from asparagus-green to grass- green, greenish-white, and yellowish-green. It belongs to the trimetric or rhombic system of crys- tallization and possesses a vitreous and oily lustre. It varies from being perfectly transparent to nearly opaque. Its cleavage is parallel to the faces of the right-angled prisms ; it breaks with a conchoidal fracture rather uneven. Its specific gravity is from 3 6 to 3 '8. It is brittle and translucent ; possesses double refraction in a high degree, and acquires by friction positive electricity, which it has the power of retaining for several hours. It is infusible before the blow-pipe alone, but with borax or salt of phosphorus, melts with difficulty into clear glass. It is 8’5 in the scale of hardness, scratching Quartz easily and being scratched by the Sapphire, Ruby &c. It is not affected by acids but with a solution of cobalt, it becomes blue. Its composition has been ascertained to be about 80 per cent, of alumina, and 20 of glucina, with traces of protoxide of iron, oxides of lead and copper, according to color and locality. A TREATISE ON GEMS. 465 Where found. The Chrysoberyl is found in rolled pebbles in Ceylon, Brazil, Moravia, Pegu, and in the river Tajowaja in the Ural Mountains. The last variety shows by reflected light, an emerald-green hue, and by transmitted light, a red one, and is called the Alexandrite, after Alexander, the Emperor of Russia. This stone is also found on the east side of Borneo, mixed with gold dust, Diamond, Topaz, &c. It has latterly been found at Had- dam, Connecticut, at Greenfield near Saratoga, New York, and in the granite of Orange Summit, Vermont. Mode of Cutting. The transparent yellow Chrysoberyl, which is the variety used in jewelry, is cut in the brilliant form, on a copper wheel with emery and polished with tripoli. The semi-transparent varieties, known as the Cymophanes, and the “ Cat’s-eyes” of com- merce, possess an opalescence and are generally cut en cabclion. The Chrysoberyl as known to the Ancients. Chrysoprase appears to have been the gem which was the Chrysoberyl of the Ancients. The name Chrysoberyl is formed of two Greek words, signifying “Golden,” and “ Beryl.” Cymophane is derived from two words, which mean “ wave,” and “ appear ;” perhaps, so-called, on account of its variable color. GGQ Its Trice. The transparent yellow Chrysoberyl now being out of fashion and rarely mounted as ornaments, fetches but a nominal value. But the Cymopliane or the Chrysoberyl Cat’s-eye is worth a good deal ; its price varying from £100 to £200 or £300, in proportion to the distinctness and brilliancy of the ray of light across the stone. This gem is con- sidered very lucky by the people of the East, and even by those of the West, and consequently it is getting more valuable than before. An English nobleman is reported to have paid so much as £1000 for one of these. Its beauty is enhanced if surrounded with brilliants or rubies. The transparent yellow Chrysoberyl, or the Indian Chrysolite must not be confounded with the true Chrysolite, with which it materially differs in hard- ness and specific gravity ; the latter being 6 to 7 in the scale of hardness, and its specific gravity, from 33 to 3'5. The Chrysolite, moreover, contains a large element of iron in its composition, and can easily be dissolved into a jelly by sulphuric acid. The Chrysoberyl differs also from the yellow Topaz, in one important point, viz., that of not acquiring electricity by heat. nfurnrai i 468 i^fTI <2\ " ^ I'JT^n: w?i TT^Tni: II 8^° II ^^t: jtt^t: qwr: irfiRT: I jsisrt *ref% II 8^ il grw^T ^t^t i <TC5WT I 3Tcrt> ^t^, anj^ni^% tr^T -gV 1W% WT*f *RT^TW. VRTCft «r^, TiTwi torw^pc W^fT ^T^T T I 8^° I W> *ptct, wnrc ^ *t^r> ^wr *r>t- Cv fwftR sjarfl ?f%w ^t^rt t i 8^ | A TREATISE ON GEMS, 469 GARNET. Translation, 430. The Garnet is produced in the country of Ddsarha (Dwaraka) in Bagdad, in the shores of the Narbudda, &c. Of Garnets, those which are colored like the black spot in the Gunjci, like honey, the stalk of the lotus, the musk-deer, fire, or the plan- tain-tree, are first-rate. 431. A Garnet which is colored like the conch, the lotus, the black bee, or the sun, and^ which is strung on a thread, is sound and auspicious, and heralds good fortune. Oftwl ) TOft C (TOfjft?) TOrftftiMTO '©TOR ( fTO ‘IwR ), TO *rftf 'Q TOftfTO TO I 8^° I TO TO 'Q TOre TO TOf I 8^^ l ’srtTO i 470 JTfinJTrar i I V "st • I f^fWT qfb^iften ^sr ^fsmw wfa ^ n g^ cir 5THT I 5rt% ^rt^T, jitot, ir*n*r> iN^§ *reT» *i^Srn% ^J*TT»T fvfarT^T^T^TT ^fT ^TcfT %, T*fNT^ ’Tf^rr^t’T 't' I ^jfa ^ W ^ft^R% £9*91 ^T«T 'afi' ^nTT<T5R "ft 1 1 8^ l *fcT TJWfrt I A TREATISE ON GEMS Translation 471 432 . A Garnet which is colored like the crow, the horse, the ass, the jackal, the bull, or the blood- stained beak of a vulture holding a piece of flesh, brings on death ; and the authorities advise us to shun it. A Garnet which weighs one pal,* is worth five hundred Rupees. toFhI, *it^ 1 8^ i * Equal to 4 kar shas. THE GARNET- Its Properties. |||HE Garnet belongs to the monometric or cubic g|§ system of crystallization, and is, for the most part, found in rhombic dodecahedral crystals, also massive and in small pebbles in rivers and alluvial deposits. It is 6 - 5 to 7'5 in the scale of hardness. It can scratch Quartz slightly and is scratched easily by Ruby or Sapphire. Its specific gravity is from 3’5 to 4‘3. Its lustre is vitreous and in some cases resinous. It varies from being transparent to being nearly opaque. Its fracture is uneven or sub-con- choidal. It possesses simple refraction, acquires positive electricity by friction, and has a sensible effect on the magnetic needle. It is fusible before the blow-pipe and melts down to a black enamel. The Garnet is composed of silex, alumina, and a small proportion of oxide of iron, from which it derives its beautiful color. This stone is found of many colors — red, brown, yellow, white, green, black. Its Varieties : Where found. Peehaps there is no other stone which varies so much in color, shape, and crystallization as the Garnet. It is to be found in almost all parts of the world. The Almandine or Precious Garnet is found in the Zillerthal and Tyrol, in parts of Norway A TREATISE ON GEMS. « 3 ^? and Sweeden, Switzerland, and Spain, and differs from the common Garnet only in color ; — that of the former having a blue tinge mixed with the red ; that of the latter being blood-red, slightly- tinged with brown. The name Almandine, is accord- ing to Pliny, derived from the city of Alabanda (in Carien), where this gem was cut and polished. The Garnet is also found in Greenland, United States, Mexico, Brazil, and many other places in America. Some very fine crystals have been found near Oven and the Peel River in Australia. The Syrian or Oriental Garnet varies in color from the deepest crimson to a violet purple. It is so called, because it comes from Syrian (or Siriam), the capital of Pegu. It is also found in India and Ceylon. The Pyrope or Bohemian Garnet is of a fine bright deep-red color and is found in Bohemia, Saxony, and other parts of Germany. Its specific gravity is a little lower than that of the Almandine, but it is one of the hardest stones of the Garnet family. It is called by some jewellers, the Vermilion Garnet, or the Vermeille, on account of its unmixed red color. The Essonite or the Cinnamon stone is, as its name indicates, of a reddish-yellow color, resem- bling that of the cinnamon, and comes principally from Ceylon. It melts very easily and is much softer than the other varieties — it being 6'5 to 7, in the scale of hardness. HHII 474 THE GARNET. A new variety of the Garnet has found its way < into the market, from Siberia. It is very brilliant < and of a beautiful green color. The other varieties come under the province of the mineralogist rather than that of the jeweller, and are as follows : — j The Grossularite, found in Siberia, is of a green- ish, and sometimes black color. The Succinite, found in Piedmont, is of a yellow hue, of the same composition as the above. The Colophonite and Melanite, found in Norway and America, are Garnets of the iron-lime species ; the one being brown and the other black. The Leucite, found in Siberia and in the lava of the Vesuvius, is a silicate of alumina and potash, and is of a white color. The Spessartine, found at Spessart in Germany, and in Sweden and Finland, is brown and is a Garnet of the alumina-maganase species. The Uwarowite, found in Siberia, is of a bright green and belongs to the lime-chrome class of Garnets. The name is derived from Uwarow, the President of the Imperial Academy of St. Peters- burg. Both the common Garnet and the Almandine are frequently cut in facets and polished. When the Almandine is cut en cabochon, it is called the Carbuncle ; i. e., when it is cut with a convex Cutting and Engraving. surface, — the hack being generally hollowed out in order to show off the color of the stone to advan- tage and also to enable the jewellers to “ foil” it, for the purpose of selling it as a Ruby. The Oriental Garnet is cut with emery or Garnet- powder, on a copper wheel and polished on lead with tripoli, when faceted. The practice is to keep it thin. It is sometimes cut into beads and strung as necklaces. The Bohemian Garnet is cut as a Brilliant, but more frequently as a Bose, and mounted as a pave. The Essonite or Cinnamon stone, is, according to some, u cut thin on account of the depth of color with a pavilion-cut below and a broad table above, bordered with small facets." The Garnet is easily engraved upon, on account of the small degree of hardness it possesses. For- merly, engravings on this stone were very fre- quently executed as evidenced by the several beauti- ful specimens now found in Paris, Turin, Borne, and St. Petersburg. The Greeks do not appear to have made an extensive use of the Garnet for the pur- pose of engraving. But the Romans have left splendid engravings on this stone. In the Marl- borough Cabinet is a large Indian Garnet, upon which is engraved the head of the Dog-star Sirius, in full relief, and with open jaws, the interior of the mouth being very faithfully represented. In the possession of the same Cabinet, is a celebrated Almandine, with the heads of Socrates and Plato mmm mamm 476 THE GARNET. engraved upon it. Several Garnets have been found to hear the image and superscription of ; different Sassanian kings. > Several antiques of Garnet have been seen, j amongst which may be mentioned a cup, “ hollowed out of a solid Garnet, as large as a half goose-egg, and which was engraved internally with the name of its ancient owner, Codr us ; and a heart-shaped i tablet (Hertz collection), covered with a long Gnostic formula on both sides, an Alexandrian j work of the third century, is by 1^ inches in extent, showing the immense magnitude of the crystal from which it has been sawn.” In the catalogue of the 'French Crown jewels, (1791) are mentioned “ an oval cup of a single Garnet, rich in color, 3 x 2| inches wide, and 3 inches high, valued j at 12,000 francs; and a round cup of oriental j Garnet, full of flaws, 3 inches wide by li deep ; j a third is vermeille d’Allemagne, 21 deep, at 6,000 francs ; besides six others of less size.” The Garnet as